 Skeletal  Most common  Attached to bone (via tendons)  Voluntary  Striated

 Cardiac Muscle  In the heart only  Involuntary  Striated  Smooth Muscle  Surrounds organs  Slow, long contractions  Involuntary  Non-striated; forms dense sheets

 Complex linking of the muscular and neurological systems  Constant use and practice improves the quality, efficiency and ability of these systems to work together  E.g. agility training

 Nerves transmit impulses in waves - the resulting contraction is called a muscle twitch  1 nerve + the muscle fibers it innervates = motor unit  1 nerve stimulates many muscle fibers, thereby producing muscle movements.  1 nerve + a few muscle fibers =fine movements (eg blinking)  1 nerve + lots of fibers = gross/big movements (eg contraction of the quadriceps)  All-or-None Principle  When a motor unit is stimulated to contract, either ALL of the muscle fibers will contract, or none will

 Concentric  Muscle fibers shorten  E.g. bicep flexion  Eccentric  Muscle fibers lengthen  Eg bicep extension  Isometric  Contraction without change in length of muscle; no motion; decreased risk of injury  E.g. pushing against a wall; doing a abdominal plank.

 R1lE R1lE

 Origin  where the muscle attaches to more stationary of the bones of skeleton.  Usually more superior  Insertion  Where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves most  Usually more inferior

 Skeletal muscles are arranged as opposing pairs  Agonist  Prime mover of the body part  Eg. During knee extension, quadriceps are the agonist  Antagonist  Counter-acts the agonist  Eg. During knee extension, hamstrings are the antagonist

 Flexor hallicus longus  Anterior tibialis  Soleus  Gastrocnemius  Patella  Quadriceps  Hamstrings  Gluteus medius, minimus, maximus  Abductor muscles  Adductor muscles  Peroneals

Can you label these muscles??

 Leg- refers to lower limb below the knee  Thigh = hip to knee

Muscle/Musc le Group OriginInsertionAction Toe/foot extensors Anterior tibia/fibula Distal phalanges (toes) Extend the toes Tibialis Anterior Ant. TibiaTop of footDorsiflexion of ankle; foot inversion Gastrocnemi us Lateral and medial heads both originate on femur Achilles tendon, which inserts on the heel (calcaneus) Plantar flexes ankle; flexes knee SoleusUpper fibulaTendon combines with gastroc to form achilles heel. Plantar flexes ankle Flexor hallicus longus Posterior fibulaEnd of big toe (ie the distal aspect) Flexes big toe PeronealsFibula1 st and 5 th metatarsals Plantar flexion; eversion

Muscle/ Muscle Group OriginInsertionActionLocation Quadriceps femoris Iliac spine (pelvis) & proximal femur Come together as patellar tendon, insert on tibia Knee extension and hip flexion HamstringsPelvisHead of fibula and tibia Hip extension; knee flexion; internal knee rotation Gluteus maximus Pelvis and lower spine (iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx) Proximal femur (greater trochanter) and iliotibial tract ( IT band) Hip extension, external rotation Gluteus medius & minimus Lateral pelvisGreater trochanter/ femur Abduction; internal hip rotation Hip adductorsDistal pelvisAlong the femur Hip/ thigh adduction

 Groups:  Figure out where each muscle is located- ie anterior, posterior, medial, lateral  Questions:  While out trail running, Marie steps on a root and experiences an eversion of her ankle.  a) What is this injury? (what happens to the sole of the foot)  b) Which muscles will be injured?  c) Which muscles would have contracted to aid ankle eversion?  Many athletes, especially women, have muscular imbalances between their quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups(quads are often stronger).  a) Why are these athletes at a higher risk for injury?  b) What joint is most likely to be injured?  c) What type of injury might result at this joint?  The gluteus maximus is one of the strongest muscles in the body.  a) What would happen to hip/thigh rotation if other muscles do not compensate for this strength?  b) Which muscles are the antagonists to hip extension by the glutius maximus?

Muscle/GroupOriginInsertionActionLocation Rectus AbdominusPubic crestXyphoid process and inferior ribs Flex trunk; expiration; “bearing down” External Obliques AND Transverse abdominis Lower 8 ribsPelvisFlex and rotate vertebrae; compress abdomen during expiration Quadratus LumborumPelvis and lumbar vert. Lower rib and upper lumbar vert. Extends and bends vert. column; helps with breathing Erector Spinae DiaphragmSternum, ribs, lumbar vert. Central tendonRespiration; anatomical border, separating thoracic and abdominal cavities IntercostalsInferior of each ribSuperior of each rib respirationLayers of muscle b/w each rib

 Jeff sustained a serious injury to the left side of his trunk.  What muscle group(s) are affected?  What movements will be compromised?  What could happen if the diaphragm was punctured or torn in half?  A pregnant woman is in a car accident and sustains an injury to her rectus abdominus (baby is fine).  What might be the consequences?

Muscle/groupOriginInsertionActionLocation Latissimus dorsi Sacrum, lumbar, thoracic vert HumerusAdduction, extension, interior rotation of arm Pectoralis majorClavicle, sternum, external obliques HumerusAdduction, flexion, internal rotation of arm Rotator Cuff (4 muscles) ScapulaHumerusShoulder stabilization and rotation TrapeziusBase of occipital bone (head); cervical and thoracic vert. Scapula and shoulder bone bones (acromion, clavicle) Moves the scapula; extends the neck Deltoids (anterior, lateral, posterior) Clavicle, acromion, scapula HumerusFlexion, extension, abduction and rotation of arm

Muscle/Grou p OriginInsertionActionLocation Biceps brachiii 2 places on the scapula RadiusElbow flexion; forearm supination Triceps brachii 3 heads on posterior humerus Ulna (olecranon- point of elbow) Elbow extension Hand FlexorsElbow areaHand/fingersFlex wrist, hand, fingers Hand Extensors Elbow areaHand/fingersExtend wrist, hand, fingers

 Types:  Fibrous joints – no movement- eg sutures of the skull  Cartilaginous joints- some movement- eg between the vertebrae  Synovial joints- lots of movement  6 common types:  Ball and socket (eg the hip, shoulder)  Gliding (eg foot)  Hinge (elbow, knee)  Pivot (neck)  Saddle (thumb)  Ellipsoid (wrist)

 Separated by a lubricating fluid and cartilage  Joined by ligaments that also help form the joint capsule (surrounds and protects joint)

  Tendinitis  Inflammation of a tendon via irritation due to overuse/abnormal use  Tx- rest, cold, heat therapy, anti-inflammatories  Tears, Sprains, Pulls  Tear/pull= injury to muscle  Sprain = injury to ligaments and tendons  3 levels of severity: 1 st degree injury is mild; 2 nd is moderate; 3 rd is severe  Dislocations  When bone displaced from original position  Symptoms:  Joint looks awkward/deformed  Painful to touch/move  Inability to use joint

 Recognizing an Injury  SHARP  Swelling  Heat  Altered function  Red  Pain  Treating  RICE  Rest  Ice  Compression  Elevation  NEVER use heat to initially treat an injury  Why?

 strengthen surrounding muscles  Stretch muscles  Proper conditioning  Warm up before exercising  Proprioceptive training

 Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint  Iliopsoas Adductor Muscles  Gluteus Maximus  Gluteus Medius  Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint  Sartorius  Quadriceps Group  Rectus Femoris  Vastus Muscles  Hamstring Group  Biceps Femoris  Semimembranosus  Semitendinosus Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot  Tibialis Anterior  Peroneus Muscles  Gastrocnemius