1. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the head Sternocleidomastoid (commonly abbreviated as SCM) – Origin: Clavicle and sternum – Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone – Action: Flex and rotate the head Sternocleidomastoid

2. Major Skeletal Muscles Some of the more common muscles that originate on the trunk include: Pectoralis major and minor Anterior abdominal muscle group Latissimus dorsi Biceps brachii Diaphragm Trapezius Deltoid

3. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (shoulder) Pectoralis minor – Origin: Ribs 3–5 – Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula – Action: Internally rotates the shoulder Pectoralis major – Origin: Clavicle and sternum – Insertion: Proximal humerus – Action: Adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint

4. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (shoulder) Deltoid Muscle – Origin: Lateral clavicle and upper scapula – Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity on the shaft of the humerus – Action: Abducts, flexes, and medially rotates the upper arm at the shoulder joint Deltoid

5. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (shoulder) Trapezius – Origin: Occipital bone and cervical spine – Insertion: Clavicle, scapula and lower thoracic vertebrae – Action: Supports the arm and moves the scapula up, down, in, and out Trapezius

6. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (shoulder) Latissimus dorsi – Origin: Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the iliac bone – Insertion: Mid-humerus – Action: Drives arm inferiorly and posteriorly (the swimmer’s muscle) Latissimus dorsi

7. Major Skeletal Muscles Anterior abdominal wall Rectus abdominis – Origin: Pubic bone – Insertion: Ribs and sternum External oblique – Origin: Ribs 5–12 – Insertion: Iliac crest and linea alba – Actions: Flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen

8. Major Skeletal Muscles The main muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. – Origin: Inferior 6 ribs (anteriorly) and lumbar vertebrae (posteriorly) – Insertion: Central tendon Diaphragm Central tendon

9. Major Skeletal Muscles Some of the more common muscles of the extremities include: Quadriceps group: Rectus femoris, along with the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Triceps brachii Brachioradialis Thenar muscles Hypothenar muscles Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris

10. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the Radius and Ulna Biceps brachii – Origin: Scapula – Insertion: Radius – Action: Flexes and supinates forearm at elbow joint and flexes arm at shoulder joint Brachialis – Origin: Distal anterior surface of humerus – Insertion: Ulna – Action: Flexor of forearm at elbow

11. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the Radius and Ulna Triceps brachii Origin: Scapula and posterior surface of humerus Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint and arm at shoulder joint

12. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the Radius and Ulna Brachioradialis – Origin: Humerus – Insertion: Distal radius – Action: Supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joint

13. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and finger Thenar: lateral aspect of palm Hypothenar: medial aspect of palm – Action: Oppose thumb against other 4 fingers Thenar Hypothenar

14. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the femur Gluteus maximus Origin: Iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx Insertion: Femur Action: Extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint Gluteus maximus

15. Muscles that move the femur, tibia, and fibula Quadricep group (Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis) – Origin: Iliac spine and proximal femur – Insertion: Patella and proximal tibia – Action: Flexes thigh at high joint and extends leg at knee joint Major Skeletal Muscles

16. Muscles that move the femur, tibia, and fibula Hamstring group: (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus) – Origin: Ischial tuberosity – Insertion: Proximal tibia and fibula

17. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that move the femur, tibia, and fibula Tibialis anterior – Origin: Tibia – Insertion: First cuneiform and first metatarsal – Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

18. Major Skeletal Muscles Muscles that plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint (standing on “tip toes”) Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles function as one – often called the gastrocsoleus muscle – Origin: Femur, capsule of knee, and head of fibula – Insertion: Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

19. Major Skeletal Muscles

21. Exercise-induced muscle damage After intense exercise, electron micrographs reveal considerable muscle damage including torn sarcolemmas and disrupted Z-discs. Blood levels of proteins normally confined only to muscle (including myoglobin and the enzyme, creatine kinase) increase as they are released from damaged muscle. Imbalances of Homeostasis

22. Spasm A sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles – usually painless Cramp Involuntary and often painful muscle contractions Caused by inadequate blood flow to muscles (such as in dehydration), overuse and injury, and abnormal blood electrolyte levels Imbalances of Homeostasis

23. Disease States and Disorders Fibrosis (myofibrosis) Replacement of muscle fibers by excessive amounts of connective tissues (fibrous scar tissue) Myosclerosis Hardening of the muscle caused by calcification Both myosclerosis and muscle fibrosis occur as a result of trauma and various metabolic disorders.

24. Aging In part due to decreased levels of physical activity, with aging, humans undergo a slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that is replaced largely by fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue. Muscle strength at 85 is about half that at age 25. Compared to the other two fiber types, the relative number of slow oxidative fibers appears to increase. Imbalances of Homeostasis

25. End of Chapter 11 Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.