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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 6.32 – 6.44 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 6 The Muscular System Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements Slide 6.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Circumduction
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Body Movements Slide 6.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.13
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Special Movements Slide 6.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dorsifelxion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion Supination Pronation Opposition
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Types of Muscles Slide 6.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Direction of muscle fibers rectus (straight) oblique (slanted) Relative size of the muscle maximus (largest) minimus (smallest) longus (long)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of the muscle many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of origins biceps (two heads) triceps (three heads) quadriceps (four heads)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of the muscles origin and insertion Example: sterno (on the sternum) Shape of the muscle Example: deltoid (triangular) Action of the muscle Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Muscles Frontalis – muscle covering frontal bone; allows for lifting eyebrows and wrinkling forehead Orbicularis Oculi – circular muscle around eye; allows closing, squinting, blinking, and winking of eye Orbicularis Oris – circular muscle around lips; closes mouth and protrudes lips
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Muscles (cont’d) Buccinator – runs horizontally along cheek and inserts into O. oris; flattens cheek in whistling, blowing, and chewing Zygomaticus – runs from side of mouth up to cheekbone; raises corner of mouth upward
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chewing Muscles Masseter – covers the angle of the lower jaw, running from zygomatic process to mandible; closes the jaw Temporalis – covers temporal bone; acts as a synergist/aids the masseter in closing the jaw
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neck Muscles Platysma – covers anterolateral neck, originates from chest and inserts into area around mouth; pulls corners of mouth downward Sternocleidomastoid – paired muscles with two heads originating from the sternum and clavicle, then inserting into the mastoid process; bend the head down forward and to the sides
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Head and Neck Muscles Slide 6.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.14
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Trunk Muscles Pectoralis Major – covers upper part of chest, originates from shoulder girdle and first six ribs, inserts on proximal end of humerus; adducts and flexes arm Intercostal Muscles – between the ribs; external intercostals raise rib cage to allow air in, internal intercostals depress cage to force air out
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Trunk Muscles (cont’d) Rectus Abdominals – paired muscles running from pubis to rib cage; flex the vertebral column and compress the abdominal contents External Oblique – paired muscles of the lateral walls of the abdomen, running from the last eight ribs to the ilium; flex the vertebral column and rotate the trunk and bend laterally
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Trunk Muscles (cont’d) Internal Oblique – paired muscles deep to external obliques, originate from iliac crest and insert into the last three ribs; same function as external obliques Transversus abdominals – deepest muscle of abdominal wall with fibers running horizontally, originates from lower ribs and iliac crest and inserts into the pubis; compresses the abdominal contents
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Arm Muscles Biceps Brachii – originates from the shoulder girdle and inserts into the radial tuberosity; flexes and supinates the forearm Brachialis – deep to the bicep; flexes the forearm Brachioradialis – originates from the humerus and inserts into the distal forearm
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.15
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Trunk Muscles Trapezius – paired muscles with origin running from base of occipital bone down to the end of the thoracic vertebrae, insert on scapular spine and clavicle; extend the head and move the scapula Latissimus Dorsi – large paired muscles of lower back, originates from lower back and ilium then inserts into proximal end of humerus; extends and adducts humerus
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Trunk Muscles (cont’d) Erector Spinae – paired set of three muscle columns that extend the length of the vertebral column; extend the vertebral column Deltoid – originates from the scapular spine and clavicle and inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of humerus; abduct the arm
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Trunk Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Arm Muscles Triceps Brachii – originates from shoulder girdle and proximal humerus, inserts into olecranon process of ulna; extends the forearm (antagonist of biceps)
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Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles Slide 6.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.16
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Muscles Gluteus Maximus – originates from sacrum and ilium and inserts on gluteal tuberosity of femur, forms the buttocks; extends the thigh, especially when climbing and jumping Gluteus Medius – originates from ilium and inserts into femur; abducts the thigh with the hip
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Muscles (cont’d) Iliopsoas – originates from the iliac bone and lower vertebrae and inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur; flexes the leg at the hip Adductor Muscles – originate from the pelvis and inserts medially towards the proximal end of the femur; adducts the thigh
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Muscles (cont’d) Hamstring group – three muscles originating from the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto both sides of the proximal end of the tibia; extend the leg Sartorius – originates from anterior iliac crest and inserts into medial side of tibia; flexes the thigh
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Muscles (cont’d) Quadriceps group – four muscles that make the anterior thigh, originating from the femur or pelvis and inserting into the tibial tuberosity; extends the knee and flexes the hip
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Slide 6.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior View Posterior View
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lower Leg Muscles Tibialis Anterior – originates from upper tibia and inserts at the tarsals, running parallel to anterior crest; acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot Extensor Digitorum Longus – originates from lateral tibial condyle and proximal radius and inserts into toes 2-5, running just lateral to tibialis; extends toes and dorsiflexes foot
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Lower Limb Muscles Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lower Leg Muscles (cont’d) Gastrocnemius – forms calf muscle, two head originate from each side of distal femur and inserts onto the heel bone; main part of plantar flexion Soleus – originates from tibia and inserts into the tarsals, just deep to gastrocnemius; aids in plantar flexion of foot
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Muscles of the Lower Leg Slide 6.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.19
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior Slide 6.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.20
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior Slide 6.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.21
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