30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 Revolutions in Russia QUIT 30 CHAPTER Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Revolutions in Russia SECTION MAP 2 Patterns of Change: Totalitarianism SECTION SECTION 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia GRAPH SECTION Visual Summary

30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 HOME 30 CHAPTER Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 Chapter Overview Social unrest in Russia erupts in revolution. Under Stalin, the U.S.S.R. becomes a totalitarian state. After the Qing dynasty falls, Chinese Nationalists and Communists clash. World War I fuels nationalism in India and Southwest Asia.

30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 HOME Time Line 1900 1939 CHAPTER Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 Time Line 1905 Russian workers protest, asking for better conditions. 1920 Gandhi leads Indian campaign of civil disobedience. 1929 Stalin exiles Trotsky from Soviet Union. 1935 India gains self-rule. 1900 1939 1912 Chinese Nationalist oust the last Qing emperor. 1923 Turkey becomes a republic under Mustafa Kemal. 1934 Mao Zedong heads Long March.

Revolutions in Russia Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Revolutions in Russia Key Idea The Russian Revolutions of 1917 end czarist rule and usher in the first communist government. Lenin seizes power and launches major economic and political reforms. Overview Assessment

Revolutions in Russia Overview 1 • pogrom • Trans-Siberian Railway HOME 1 Revolutions in Russia TERMS & NAMES Overview • pogrom • Trans-Siberian Railway • Bolsheviks • V. I. Lenin • Duma • Rasputin • provisional government • soviet MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Long-term social unrest in Russia erupted in revolution, ushering in the first Communist government. The Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union until the country’s breakup in 1991. Assessment

HOME 1 Revolutions in Russia Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List significant events during the last phases of czarist rule and the beginning of Communist rule. 1891 1894 1917 1921 1922 Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad begins. Russian Revolution ends czarist rule. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed. Nicholas II becomes the last Russian czar. Lenin launches New Economic Policy. continued . . .

HOME 1 Revolutions in Russia Section 1 Assessment 2. What do you think were Czar Nicholas II’s worst errors in judgment during his rule? Why? THINK ABOUT • the czar’s military decisions • the political outcome of “Bloody Sunday” ANSWER Possible Responses: Involvement in the Russo-Japanese War, the czar’s refusal to share power with the Duma, Russia’s entry into World War I, and the czar’s change of headquarters to the war front all paved the way to revolution and the end of czarist rule. continued . . .

HOME 1 Revolutions in Russia Section 1 Assessment 3. Why was Lenin’s leadership crucial to the success of the Russian Revolution? THINK ABOUT • Lenin’s personal traits • his slogan—“Peace, Land, and Bread” • his role in organizing the Bolsheviks • his role after the Revolution ANSWER Possible Responses: Lenin was able to win and maintain power because of his energetic, disciplined leadership; his awareness of the demands of various groups in Russian society; his careful planning; and his ability to tackle difficult problems and crises. End of Section 1

Totalitarianism Key Idea CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2 HOME 2 Totalitarianism PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia MAP Key Idea After Lenin’s death, Stalin transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. He revolutionizes the economy and uses terror, propaganda, and censorship to maintain power. Overview Assessment

Totalitarianism Overview CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2 HOME 2 Totalitarianism PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Joseph Stalin • totalitarianism • command economy • collective farm • kulak • Great Purge • socialist realism MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. More recent dictators have used Stalin’s tactics for seizing total control over individuals and the state. Assessment

Totalitarianism 2 CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2 HOME 2 Totalitarianism PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Cite examples from Stalinist Russia for each weapon of totalitarianism listed below. Weapons Examples Police Terror Propaganda Censorship Religious Persecution Great Purge, execution of kulaks Socialist realism, training of youth Government-controlled media Destruction of buildings, elimination of leadership continued . . .

Totalitarianism 2 CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2 HOME 2 Totalitarianism PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. How do totalitarian states and constitutional governments differ? THINK ABOUT • the chart explaining the key traits of totalitarianism • what you have learned about constitutional government in the United States • what you learned about the Soviet Constitution ANSWER Possible Responses: Totalitarian: centralized under one leader, control all sectors of society and people’s lives, rely on force and propaganda Democratic: separation of powers, run by elected leaders, allow private ownership and freedom, maintain military for defense End of Section 2

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Key Idea In 1912, Chinese nationalists overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a new republic. Civil war erupts as Nationalists and Communists vie for control of China. Overview Assessment

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Overview 3 • Kuomintang • Sun Yixian HOME 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule TERMS & NAMES Overview • Kuomintang • Sun Yixian • Mao Zedong • May Fourth Movement • Long March MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggled for power. The seeds of China’s late-20th-century political thought, communism, were planted at this time. Assessment

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3 HOME 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong. Jiang Mao Party Key Supporters Reforms Military Actions Nationalist Communist Bankers and business people Peasants Launched programs to modernize cities Divided land among local farmers Defeated warlords Established Red Army continued . . .

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3 HOME 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Section 3 Assessment 2. What influence did foreign nations have on China from 1912 to 1938? THINK ABOUT • the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles • the role of the Soviet Union • the temporary truce during the Chinese civil war ANSWER Possible Responses: • The Treaty of Versailles triggered the May Fourth Movement. • Western democracies refused to support Sun’s government, but the Soviet Union did. • Great Britain and United States recognized the Nationalist Republic of China. • Japan’s invasion of China united Jiang’s and Mao’s forces. continued . . .

Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3 HOME 3 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Section 3 Assessment 3. What caused the Communist revolutionary movement in China to gain strength? THINK ABOUT • Jiang’s government and policies • the Soviet Union’s influence • the conditions of rural peasants • Mao’s role and achievements ANSWER Possible Responses: • Failures of the Kuomintang • Corruption in Jiang’s government • Soviet Union’s involvement in Chinese affairs • Poverty of peasants • Mao’s strong leadership End of Section 3

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Key Idea 4 HOME 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia GRAPH Key Idea World War I heightens nationalist activity and independence movements to overthrow colonial power. Gandhi uses nonviolent tactics to free India from British rule. Turkey, Persia, and Arabia also seek self-rule. Overview Assessment

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Overview 4 HOME 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Mohandas K. Gandhi • civil disobedience • Mustafa Kemal MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Nationalism triggered independence movements to overthrow colonial power. These independent nations—India, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia—are key players on the world stage today. Assessment

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4 HOME 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the different forms of nationalism that developed in the Asian countries listed below. Forms of Nationalism 1900-1939 India Turkey Persia Saudi Arabia Nationalists use nonviolent methods to work for independence from British rule. Nationalists free Persia from British and Russian rule. Reza Shah changes country’s name to Iran. Nationalists overthrow last Ottoman sultan. Ibn Saud unifies the nation and creates a state based on Islamic law. Kemal seeks Western-style modernization. continued . . .

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4 HOME 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 2. What do you think a nation might gain and lose by modernizing? THINK ABOUT • what positive changes occurred in Turkey and Iran • why modernization was limited in Saudi Arabia • why Kemal set rules for clothing • why Gandhi wore only homespun cloth ANSWER Possible Responses: Gains—increased economic and political power; greater acceptance and respect from Western nations; equal rights for women Losses—a unique sense of cultural identity; traditional values and ways of life End of Section 4