1. Lenin to Stalin Mr. Eischen, Mr. Cleveland and Mrs. McCarthy

2. Review- Bolsheviks in Power Lenin orders all farmland to be distributed among the peasants and gave control of the factories to the workers

3. Rvw-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Bolsheviks sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany The Bolsheviks sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany Russia had to surrender a large chunk of territory to Germany Russia had to surrender a large chunk of territory to Germany The land contained a large portion of Russia’s population and industry. The land contained a large portion of Russia’s population and industry.

4. Review cont. Civil War Bolshevik opponents- the White Army (supporter of the Czar) Leon Trotsky commanded the Bolshevik Red Army Around 15 million Russians died in the civil war from 1918-1920 The Red Army won

5. Lenin’s Political Reforms Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under one central gov’t The country was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Bolsheviks -Communist Party

6. v. Trotsky (right) was a firm Marxist who wanted support for a worldwide revolution against capitalism Trotsky (right) was a firm Marxist who wanted support for a worldwide revolution against capitalism Stalin (left) wanted to work on socialist views in Russia first Stalin (left) wanted to work on socialist views in Russia first Stalin put his supporters into top jobs and isolated Trotsky in his own party Stalin put his supporters into top jobs and isolated Trotsky in his own party

7. Lenin Dies V. Lenin died 1924 V. Lenin died 1924 Creates a struggle for Creates a struggle for Power between Stalin and Trotsky, among others.

8. Stalin v. Trotsky cont… Trotsky was stripped of party membership and fled into exile in 1929 Trotsky was stripped of party membership and fled into exile in 1929 He was later murdered in Mexico by an agent working for Stalin He was later murdered in Mexico by an agent working for Stalin

9. Stalin becomes Dictator After forcing Trotsky out Stalin focused on Russia’s development He used the phrase “socialism in one country” to describe his aims of perfecting a Communist state

10. Stalin’s Totalitarian State Totalitarianism - a gov’t that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life Totalitarianism - a gov’t that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life

11. Stalin’s Economic Reforms Lenin’s NEP was a mixture of free enterprise and state control Stalin’s economic policy called for total state control He called for a command economy, which is a system where the government makes all economic decisions

12. USSR’s Industrial Revolution In 1928, Stalin outlined his “Five-Year Plan for USSR In 1928, Stalin outlined his “Five-Year Plan for USSR The five-year plans set unrealistic quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity The five-year plans set unrealistic quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity

13. USSR’s Industrial Revolution cont… To reach unrealistic quotas, the gov’t limited production To reach unrealistic quotas, the gov’t limited production People faced shortages of housing, food, clothing and other goods People faced shortages of housing, food, clothing and other goods The gov’t controlled every aspect of the worker’s life, which took a toll on peoples personal lives The gov’t controlled every aspect of the worker’s life, which took a toll on peoples personal lives From 1928-1937, industrial production only increased by 25% From 1928-1937, industrial production only increased by 25%

14. Agricultural Revolution In 1925, the gov’t seized 25 million privately owned farms They were combined into collective farms Peasants resisted the gov’t and Stalin used terror and violence to force the peasants to work

15. Agricultural Revolution The kulaks- a wealthy class of peasants, resisted heavily and the gov’t executed them or sent them into exile The kulaks- a wealthy class of peasants, resisted heavily and the gov’t executed them or sent them into exile By 1938, 90% of peasants lived on collective farms By 1938, 90% of peasants lived on collective farms

16. Weapons of Totalitarianism 1) Police Terror Dictators of totalitarian states uses terror and violence to force obedience Dictators of totalitarian states uses terror and violence to force obedience Monitored telephone lines, read mail, planted informers Monitored telephone lines, read mail, planted informers Lavrent Beria (right): head of secret police

17. Weapons of Totalitarianism In 1934, Stalin launched the Great Purge- In 1934, Stalin launched the Great Purge- a campaign of terror that was directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power a campaign of terror that was directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power By 1939, Stalin gained total control of both the Soviet government and the Communist Party By 1939, Stalin gained total control of both the Soviet government and the Communist Party

18. Weapons of Totalitarianism 2) Indoctrination and Propaganda Totalitarian states rely on indoctrination or instruction on the govt’s set of beliefs, to mold people’s minds Party leaders lectured workers and peasants on the ideals of communism The State supported youth groups and used them as training grounds for future party members

19. Weapons of Totalitarianism Soviet newspapers and radio broadcasts glorified the achievements of Communism and Stalin Soviet newspapers and radio broadcasts glorified the achievements of Communism and Stalin Soviet Realism was an artistic styles that praised Soviet way of life Soviet Realism was an artistic styles that praised Soviet way of life

20. Weapons of Totalitarianism 3) Censorship Stalin would not tolerate individual creativity that threatened conformity Gov’t controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and other sources of information

21. Weapons of Totalitarianism 4) Religious Persecution Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of Communism Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of Communism The Russian Orthodox Church was the main target of persecution The Russian Orthodox Church was the main target of persecution Roman Catholics and Jews were also persecuted Roman Catholics and Jews were also persecuted

22. Education The government controlled all education from nursery school to the university The government controlled all education from nursery school to the university School children learned the virtues of the Communist Party School children learned the virtues of the Communist Party They party also set up youth programs called Komsomols They party also set up youth programs called Komsomols Communist rule ended in the 1990’s. Communist rule ended in the 1990’s.