Biology

The study of living things What is considered living? anything that has the ability to nourish, grow, and reproduce cells must be present

The cell is considered the basic unit of life. All living things contain at least one cell. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Plant CellAnimal Cell

Plant Cell oblong/square-like shape cell wall (provides structure) chloroplast (location of photosynthesis/ energy production) Animal Cell round/circular shape centrioles (responsible for cell reproduction)

STRUCTUREFUNCTIONnucleus control of all cell activities; location of DNA mitochondria energy production Golgi complex (apparatus) assembles, sorts, and transports cell products ribosome protein synthesis chromosome composed of DNA containing genetic material

STRUCTUREFUNCTION cell membrane phospholipid bilayer; maintains homeostasis; protects the cell lysosome digests old cells and food (cleans up the cell) endoplasmic reticulum produces, stores, and transports protein (rough) and lipids (smooth) flagella/cilia movement of materials

Prokaryotes “Pro-No” No true nucleus No membrane-bound organelles No well-organized membrane All prokaryotes are bacteria (Monera) Eukaryotes “Eu-True” True nucleus Well organized membrane Membrane – bound organelles Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms

Active Transport requires energy (low concentration to high) endocytosis and exocytosis active transport (ATP is used) Passive Transport diffusion (particles from high concentration to low) osmosis (water from high concentration to low) facilitated transport (diffusion using a membrane protein)

ORGANIC COMPOUND DEFINITIONFUNCTIONcarbohydrates sugars and starches provide energy lipids fats (insoluble in water) store energy proteins amino acids responsible for most cell functions nucleic acids DNA and RNA store hereditary information

Homeostasis = The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally (ex: body temperature) Cell membrane utilizes active and passive transport diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

Hydrophilic “water-loving” inside of cell Hydrophobic “water-fearing” outside of cell

HypOtonic Higher concentration of water outside the cell Cell swells when placed in hypotonic solution Hyp e rtonic Higher concentration of water inside cell Cell shrinks when placed in hypertonic solution Isotonic Equal concentrations of water inside and outside of cell

The study of the inheritance of traits and how genes pass on these traits from parents to offspring Mendel is the Father of Genetics (studied pea plants)

trait: a characteristic of an organism that is inherited (examples: eye color, hair type, etc.) gene: basic unit of heredity made of DNA that determines the characteristics of a trait allele: the two different versions of a gene for a particular trait (one received from each parent)

Genotype an organism’s genetic makeup includes the two alleles represented with two letters (example: Bb) Phenotype the physical appearance of a trait expressed by the organisms genes represented by description (example: brown eyes)

Dominant an allele that expresses itself while hiding the effects of another allele represented with a capital letter example: Bb (dominant brown eyes dominates over recessive blue) Recessive An allele whose effects are hidden by a dominant allele Represented with a lower- case letter example: Bb (dominant brown eyes dominates over recessive blue)

Probability is the likelihood an event will occur Geneticists use Punnett squares to predict the probability of genetic combinations Example: When two heterozygous brown eyes mate...BbBBBBb bBbbb

Chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance (carry DNA). Variability results from dominant and recessive alleles. The chromosomes in the male gamete and female gamete join together during fertilization to form a zygote. gamete = sex cell zygote = fertilized egg

deoxyribonucleic acid found in chromosomes in the nucleus determines the hereditary traits of an organism contains all the information needed for the production of proteins protein sequences determine traits

ribose nucleic acid aids in protein synthesis in the ribosome 3 types: messenger RNA: mRNA carries the DNA nucleotide sequence for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome transfer RNA: tRNA transports amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome ribosomal RNA: rRNA makes up the structure of the ribosome

self-duplication of the genetic material results in two new DNA molecules occurs during interphase (just before cell divides) proteins unwind the DNA helix and each strand acts as a template for a new strand unbound nucleotides attach... A-T (adenine binds with thymine) C-G (cytosine binds with guanine)

to “transcribe” is to copy mRNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus from the DNA molecule Just as in replication, the helix unwinds and free nucleotides attach to make mRNA... C-G (cytosine binds with guanine) U-A (uracil binds with adenine) Only DNA has thymine mRNA separates and moves out of the nucleus DNA double helix reforms

process of translating the genetic code to the amino acid sequence tRNA decodes the mRNA to read the DNA in order to make the correct protein

A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence. A change in one nucleotide may cause a change in the structure of the protein. During pregnancy, observing a karyotype (a chromosome picture) can detect chromosomal defects.

The study of the classification of organisms

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup

Classification system used to give all organisms a two-part name First name = Genus name Second name = Species name Example: scientific name of a wolf is Canis lupus

bacteria need water, nutrients, and a moderate temperature to survive autotrophs (make their own food) and heterotrophs (obtain food from outside source) decomposers (AKA saprophytes) = break down dead organisms to release carbon and nitrogen reproduce asexually (binary fission) some possess flagella used for motion

algae, seaweed, protozoans, water (slime) molds found in aquatic or damp environments organisms that don’t fit in any other kingdom autotrophs (algae) and heterotrophs (protozoans) reproduce either asexually or sexually some have flagella or cilia for motion gave rise to all other eukaryotic organisms

mushrooms, yeast, molds, mildews, rusts all are heterotrophs (do not contain chlorophyll) absorb food from environment many are saprophytes (decomposers) that obtain nutrients from dead or decaying plants and animals reproduce either asexually or sexually

autotrophs (utilize photosynthesis) Two groups: bryophytes (nonvascular) have no roots, stems, or leaves and transport nutrients using diffusion (examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts) tracheophytes (vascular) have roots, stems, and leaves that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant (examples: ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) all reproduce both sexually and asexually (alternation of generations)

worms, insects, sponges, birds, mammals all are heterotrophs that have a digestive cavity in which food is digested and absorbed all reproduce sexually, but some (like jellyfish) can also reproduce asexually

Unicellular single-celled composed of one cell all bacteria and protists non-specialized cells Multicellular multi-celled composed of many cells all other organisms (fungi, plants, & animals) cells are specialized to perform different functions

Asexual involves only one parent no specialized sex cells are produced does not undergo meiosis chromosomes are duplicated in mitosis Examples: binary fission = cell simply splits budding = offspring grows out of the side of the parent involves two parents so genetic diversity is increased specialized male and female sex cells (gametes) are produced gametes fuse during fertilization to produce a zygote (fertilized egg) gametes are formed in meiosis chromosomes are duplicated in mitosis

Haploid sex cells contain one of each chromosome human haploid cells have 23 chromosomes Diploid all non-sex cells contain 2 copies of each chromosome human diploid number is 46 (two sets of 23 – a set from each parent)

begins after interphase = cell growth, chromosome (DNA)replication, and prep for division (most of a cell’s life cycle is spent in interphase) results in two identical daughter cells containing same number of chromosomes and genetic information as the parent cell

1.Prophase = chromosomes become visible (present), nucleus membrane disappears, and in animal cells, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell 2.Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 3.Anaphase = chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell (move away) 4.Telophase = chromosome become less distinct and nucleus membrane reappears; nucleus divides into two (cytokinesis)

occurs after telophase cytoplasm divides forming two separate cells

cell division that results in the formation of haploid gamete cells (sex cells) Meiosis I reduction division diploid cell divides creating two haploid cells Meiosis II two haploid cells from meiosis I divide resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells

Mitosis resulting cells have same number and kind of chromosomes as parent cell used for cell growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction Meiosis resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes as parent cell used for gamete formation

The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Biome = a large area characterized by a certain climate and types of plants and animals 6 major biomes on Earth

NameCharacteristicsTundra permanently frozen subsoil Taiga long severe winters; summers with thawing subsoil Temperate Forest moderate precipitation; cold winters; warm summers Tropical Forest heavy rainfall; constant warmth Grassland variability in rainfall and temperature; strong winds Desert sparse rainfall; extreme daily temperature fluctuations

Ecosystem = a part of the environment with its organisms, their interactions, and the physical and chemical factors that affect them Community = populations of different species that interact in an ecosystem Population = all the individuals of the same species living in a community

Producers = organisms that can make their own food; autotrophs; examples: bacteria, protists, plants Consumers = organisms that eat other organisms to get energy; heterotrophs; examples: fungi and animals

Herbivore = primary consumer who only eats plants; example: cow Carnivore = secondary consumer who only eats other animals; examples: shark and tiger Omnivore = consumer that eats both plants and animals; example: most humans Scavengers = animals that find dead plants or animals and eat them; examples: flies, wasps, cockroaches, earthworms Decomposers = break down dead organisms to receive energy; examples: fungi and bacteria

All animals must eat to survive. Animals can be either predators or prey. Predators hunt prey. With predators always on the lookout for a meal, prey must constantly avoid being eaten. Any adaptation the prey uses adds to the chances of survival for the species. Some adaptations are defense mechanisms which can give the prey an advantage against enemies.

speed You can’t eat what you can’t catch! physical or chemical features physical examples: quills on a porcupine or hard shell of a turtle chemical examples: stink of a skunk; poisons of a dart frog camouflage allows the animal to blend in with its environment to avoid being detected used by both predators and prey

A parasite is an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant) Parasites obtain nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host Examples: canine heartworms, malaria, hookworms, pinworms, tapeworm

a diagram that shows the way energy is transferred from one organism to another each step in a food chain is called a trophic level begins with producers and ends with decomposers

complex, interconnecting food chains in a community more accurate than food chain