Eukaryotic cells Most are multi-celled Some are uni-cellular Heterotrophs Live in moist, warm areas Have Cell Walls FUNGI

Section 20.1 Summary – pages Fungi used to be classified in the plant kingdom because, like plants, many fungi grow anchored in soil and have cell walls. FUNGI The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their threadlike filaments called hyphae, which develop from fungal spores. Some hyphae anchor the fungus, some invade the food source, and others form fungal reproductive structures.

Section 20.1 Summary – pages Bread Mold Hyphae Spores Mycelium

Fungal Structure Fungal body –mycelium thread-like cells Network of hyphae Cell wall –Made of chitin polysaccharide just like insect exoskeletons

Internal structure Eukaryotic cells –long, thread-like cells filamentous –incomplete divisions between cells septum –multiple nuclei

plant cell fungal hypha plant cell membrane plant cell wall Modes of Nutrition Heterotrophic –secrete digestive enzymes –feed by absorption parasites –feeding on living creatures predators –paralyzing prey saprobes (decomposers) –breakdown dead remains

Reproduction Asexual –budding in yeast –fragmentation –zygospores spread by wind, water, animals Sexual –joining of haploid hyphae –ascospores

Zygomycota (Bread & Fruit Mold) Decomposers Hyphae without septa Reproduction: Asexual- zygospores Sexual- hyphae fuse

Zygomycota (Bread & Fruit Mold)

Ascomycota sac fungi Largest phylum of fungi Saprobes, parasites, pathogens. Yeast are microscopic, while most other Ascomycota are macroscopic Produce sexual ascospores in sac-like structures called asci

Basidiomycota Include mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, stinkhorns macroscopic forms -saprobes. microscopic forms - pathogens & parasites. Form sexual spores called basidiospores found in the gills

Imperfect Fungi Around 25,000 additional fungus species are grouped in this phylum. Members include Trichophyton (Athlete's foot), Penicillium notatum (Penicillin), Candida albicans ("Yeast“ infections) Deuteromycota. These fungi are often termed “fungi imperfecti” because sexual reproduction has never been observed in them. They lack the structures for sexual reproduction, and produce their spores asexually. Daniel

Ecological Roles Decomposers –recycle nutrients Symbiotic Relationships –lichen fungi + algae (Mutualism) –cyanobacteria or green algae pioneer species in ecosystems makes soil from bare rock –mycorrhizae fungi + plants live in & amongst plant roots enables plants to absorb more water & nutrients

Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth –extends water & nutrient absorption of roots without mycorrhizae with mycorrhizae