1750 – 1914 Overview (Why 1750 –1914?)

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Patterns of World Trade Who, where, what, how in 1750? What will and won’t change by 1914?

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution Origins of I.R. – where, what and when Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor Relationship of nations during I.R. Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism

Power loom Fatcat Milltown Miner Streetchildren

Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration Why? Where?

Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Why Revolution now? Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Chinese Revolution Dr. Sun Yat Sen Manchus

New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires

New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform Jacobins in France Taiping Rebellion in China

New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations Reform Women Racism Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer

Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa

Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic

Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Russia– Reforms and Rebellions Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion Islamic and Chinese responses compared Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

Rise of Western Dominance Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration

Rise of Western Dominance China—Boxer Rebellion

Diverse Interpretations Modernization theory debates Cause of serf and slave emancipation? Nature of women’s roles at the time in industrial areas? In colonial societies? Elite versus lower class?

Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans empire, China, India and Japan.

Ottomans- 19th century Young Turk Revolutionaries The Last Sultans

Comparisons Nationalism Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

European women 19th century Queen Victoria’s family British family in India Russian peasant family

Conclusions What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished? Predict how the events of the 19th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments. Speculate what historical events in the 19th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.