Rise of Nationalism I. NATIONALISM A. deep devotion to ones country 1. A unifying force 2. Could cause intense competition between countries, each seeking to over throw each other B. Caused rivalries among Europe’s Great Powers

C. Cause for the Rivalries 1. Competition for materials and markets a. Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution b. Others challenged Britain’s power c. Germany challenged Britain with a growing economy due to new industries. d. Germany and Britain were competing for industrial dominance 1. Rivalries grew out of territorial disputes e. Austria-Hungary and Russia tried to dominate the Balkans

II. IMPERIALISM A. Imperialism set the stage for war in Europe B. Europe competed for colonies in Africa and Asia 1. Germany and France nearly fought over who would control Morocco 2. France, supported by most of Europe, caused Germany to back down C. European countries continued to compete for overseas empires creating rivalry and mistrust

III. The Growth of MILITARISM A. The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war B. Nationalism led to an arms race C. European countries believed to be great they needed a powerful military D. By 1914, all Great Powers except Great Britain had large armies

E. Military experts stressed the importance of mobilizing troops in case of a war F. Having large armies made citizens feel patriotic but also frightened some IV. Alliances A. International rivalries led to several military alliances among Great Powers. 1. Alliances were designed to keep peace

B. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Prussia used war to unify Germany 1. After Germany was a “satisfied power”, Bismarck worked to maintain peace in Europe TRIPLE ALLIANCE TRIPLE ENTENTE -GERMANY -FRANCE -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY -RUSSIA -ITALY -GREAT BRITAIN

C. Bismarck thought that France was a threat to peace because France wanted revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (France vs Prussia) D. Bismarck’s first goal was to isolate France 1. Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Three years later Italy joined creating the TRIPLE ALLIANCE

2. Russia had a treaty with Bismarck taking away another ally from France 3. The Triple Alliance was unstable because of Russia and Austria’s bitter rivalry over the Balkans V. Peace is threatened A. Kaiser Wilhelm II, of Germany, forced Bismarck to resign because he did not want to share power Kaiser Wilhelm II

1. Wilhelm II wanted to assert his power 2. Show how mighty Germany had become B. Wilhelm let a treaty with Russia lapse causing Russia to form an alliance with France 1. The alliance of France and Russia was a fear of Wilhelm

C. Germany would be forced to fight a two front war, a war on both its eastern and western borders, if it went to war with Russia or France D. Wilhelm challenged Great Britain because he was envious of the large empire and navy VI. The Balkan region was struggling to become free from Ottoman rule

A. Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia were formed B. Nationalism is powerful in area Russia and Austria-Hungary were in conflict over Serbia Russia supported Serbian nationalism E. Austria feared rebellion among the Slavic population and felt threatened by Serbia’s growth

1. Serbia was eager to take over B&H from Austria Austria ANNEXED or took over Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) Serbian leaders were outraged because of the large Slavic population in B&H Russia offered Serbia support but it meant little because Russia was not ready for war 1. Germany stood behind Austria causing Russia to back down Serbia gained confidence and territory after emerging victorious from local disputes 1. Serbia was eager to take over B&H from Austria

2. Austria vowed to crush any Serbian who undermine their authority VII. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia A. Gavirlo Princip assassinate Ferdinand and his wife B. Princip, a Serbian, caused Austria to punish Serbia C. Wilhelm urged Austria to be aggressive and offered Germany’s support

Above: Gavirlo Princip Left: Picture of the Assassination

Funeral Procession of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife

D. Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum 1. List was deliberately harsh 2. Demands included ending anti-Austrian activity 3. Allow Austrian officials into Serbia to investigate the assassination 4. Serbia agreed to most demands and others were settled in an international conference

VIII. Austria did not want to negotiate A. On July 28, Austria rejected Serbia’s offer and declared war B. Russia took action against Austria C. Europe collapsed even though many urged negotiations and war was set in motion