Global connections Unit 3 Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire The Frankish Kingdoms

The Early Middle Ages AD Characteristics (a dark age?) Characteristics (a dark age?) Culture Culture 3 elements (German, Christian, Roman) 3 elements (German, Christian, Roman) How did the Church survive as the Empire fell? How did the Church survive as the Empire fell? Autonomy (courts and law) Autonomy (courts and law) Leadership Leadership Organization Organization

Life after Rome 476 AD: Western Roman Empire falls Europe is chaotic Europe is chaotic Barbarian tribes established Kingdoms throughout Europe Barbarian tribes established Kingdoms throughout Europe Franks in France Franks in France Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Britain Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Britain

The Expanded Role of the Clergy Early Caesaropapism: Popes of this time were forced to assume both temporal and spiritual authority Early Caesaropapism: Popes of this time were forced to assume both temporal and spiritual authority Pope Gregory the Great ( ) (Chant) Pope Gregory the Great ( ) (Chant) exercised independent Temporal power (ex: helped the poor) exercised independent Temporal power (ex: helped the poor) Fostered the monastic movement in Western Europe Fostered the monastic movement in Western Europe St. Benedict (Monte Cassino 529): The rules for monastic life St. Benedict (Monte Cassino 529): The rules for monastic life The Role of Monks and Nuns The Role of Monks and Nuns Manuscript illumination Manuscript illumination Missionary work (St. Boniface) Missionary work (St. Boniface) Hospitals, education of farmers Hospitals, education of farmers

Germanic Culture Oral tradition Oral tradition Rural not urban Rural not urban Legal system Legal system Trial by ordeal Trial by ordeal Customs Customs Polygamy Polygamy Incest Incest

Manuscript Illumination

The Frankish Kingdom Clovis Clovis Allied with the Roman Catholic Church and united Frankish Kingdoms in 496 Allied with the Roman Catholic Church and united Frankish Kingdoms in 496 Began the Merovingian Dynasty Began the Merovingian Dynasty On his death years of civil war and the empire divided into 3 parts On his death years of civil war and the empire divided into 3 parts Result: Emergence of a noble warrior class and a new position Mayor of the Palace Result: Emergence of a noble warrior class and a new position Mayor of the Palace

Europe in 526 AD

The Carolingians Began as a Mayors of the Palace Began as a Mayors of the Palace Restructured the Frankish lands Restructured the Frankish lands Pippin of Landon, Pippin II, Charles Martel, Pippin III (or “The Short”) Pippin of Landon, Pippin II, Charles Martel, Pippin III (or “The Short”) Charles Martel : Battle of Tours (732) Charles Martel : Battle of Tours (732) The end of the Merovingians The end of the Merovingians Pippin III (the short): Asked the Pope to name him “King of the Franks” Pippin III (the short): Asked the Pope to name him “King of the Franks” 1 st Carolingian King of the Franks 1 st Carolingian King of the Franks

Biographical Information Born April 2, 742 in Aix-la- Chapelle, France Born April 2, 742 in Aix-la- Chapelle, France Son of Pepin III Son of Pepin III Hunting, riding, and singing Hunting, riding, and singing Christian upbringing Christian upbringing 4 legal wives and 6 concubines 4 legal wives and 6 concubines Many children only 3 reached adulthood Many children only 3 reached adulthood

Scholarship He Studied Logic, Rhetoric, Dialects He Studied Logic, Rhetoric, Dialects He could read Latin but could not write He could read Latin but could not write Sponsored education by establishing Cathedral schools (most imp?) Sponsored education by establishing Cathedral schools (most imp?) At his court in Aachen (aka. Aix- Le-Chapelle) Charlemagne assembled scholars At his court in Aachen (aka. Aix- Le-Chapelle) Charlemagne assembled scholars Alcuin of Northumbria Alcuin of Northumbria Einhard (Vita Caroli) Einhard (Vita Caroli)

Charles as Emperor Charlemagne and Carloman (his brother) assumed the throne in 768 Charlemagne and Carloman (his brother) assumed the throne in 768 When Carloman-died 771 Charles becomes the sole ruler When Carloman-died 771 Charles becomes the sole ruler Saved Papacy from Lombards Saved Papacy from Lombards Defeated the Byzantines and the Avars Defeated the Byzantines and the Avars Used fear and his incredible energy to control his Empire Used fear and his incredible energy to control his Empire 4,000 Saxons killed at Verdun in one day 4,000 Saxons killed at Verdun in one day

The Empire of Charlemagne

Organization of the Empire Delegated authority to local Counts Delegated authority to local Counts Checked on what they were doing using a system of Missi Dominici (agents of the King) Checked on what they were doing using a system of Missi Dominici (agents of the King) One clergy one layman (every year) One clergy one layman (every year) He sought to awe conquered peoples with his fierce presence and terrible justice He sought to awe conquered peoples with his fierce presence and terrible justice

Battle of Roncesvalles 778 On way home form Spain his rear guard was ambushed by Basques or Saracens On way home form Spain his rear guard was ambushed by Basques or Saracens Charlemagne’s only defeat Charlemagne’s only defeat Roland became a great hero of many songs, dances, and romances (The Song of Roland) Roland became a great hero of many songs, dances, and romances (The Song of Roland)

The Coronation of Charlemagne Christmas Day 800 Christmas Day 800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor This event solidifies his identity as a man of Frankish practices and Christian ideals This event solidifies his identity as a man of Frankish practices and Christian ideals Benefits for Charles? The Church? Benefits for Charles? The Church? Did he know? Did he know?