The “Revolution” of 1800 & Jeffersonian Democracy Thomas Jefferson The “Revolution” of 1800 & Jeffersonian Democracy

Election of 1800 Hamilton split with Adams over the War Hamilton attacks Adams in a pamphlet Jefferson's character attacked Rumored to have children with his slave

Election Results: Electoral deadlock Jefferson = 73 Burr = 73 Adams = 65 Pinckney = 64

1800 Election Results

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 73 52.9% Aaron Burr New York John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1% Charles Pinckney South Carolina 64 46.4% John Jay 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

Tie vote decided in the House Most Federalists favored Burr over Jefferson Hamilton sided with Jefferson as the lesser of two evils Burr never forgets

1800 Election Results in the House  1 vote for each State  Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% Aaron Burr New York 4 25.0% Blank ------- 2 12.5%

Jefferson Wins “Revolution of 1800” Burr is VP Jefferson does not trust him “Revolution of 1800” Peaceful transfer of power seen as revolutionary

12th Amendment (1804) Electors must specify that they are voting for one presidential candidate & one vice-presidential candidate

End of Federalists John Adams was the last Federalist president disbanded by 1816 Federalists led the country through tough times & established a strong economy

Elitism & fear of the common people put them out of touch with a rapidly changing nation

Jefferson: Common Man Jefferson inaugurated as the 3rd President March 4, 1801 in the new capital of Washington, D.C. walked to the Capitol

Inaugural Address: “Friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none” “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Jefferson as President “consistently inconsistent” Refused to speak directly to Congress his addresses sent to Congress by a clerk precedent unbroken until Wilson in 1913

Does not take a radical new course Pragmatism over idealism Refused to replace Federalists appointees & give the jobs to Democratic-Republicans

Kept Hamilton’s financial program Increased size of the Bank of US Increased the tariff Repealed excise taxes (whiskey)

Reversed some Federalist policies: Jefferson pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition act New naturalization law of 1802 returned citizenship requirement to 5 years

Albert Gallatin appointed Secretary of Treasury Reduced the debt Reported on the nation’s finances

Judiciary Troubles Judiciary Act of 1801 Increased the number of judges Lame-duck President Adams appointed loyal Federalists judges at the last minute

These “Midnight” Judges upset Jefferson & the Republicans “Packing” the courts

One was John Marshall as Chief Justice Would be chief justice through 5 presidents Single-handedly entrenched Federalist principles long after the demise of the Federalists

Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 One appointed judge sued Secretary of State James Madison to force him to deliver his commission

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Marshall ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional “Judicial review” Supreme Court’s right to rule a law unconstitutional Contrasted with VA / KY Resolutions

Samuel Chase Impeachment Republicans in the House brought impeachment charges against Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase

Senate failed to find him guilty – lack of evidence Strengthened the principle of separation of powers

Jefferson the Warrior Jefferson feared a standing army Invitation to dictatorship Decreased army to 2500 Decreased navy as well Only aided the North

US Ships attacked by Barbary Coast pirates Pasha of Tripoli 1801: Declared war on US Jefferson sent the Navy & Marine Corps to the “shores of Tripoli” in 1801

Later decided to spend the navy budget on “mosquito fleet” Small boats to defend the coast Proved useless in the War of 1812

Louisiana Purchase 1800: Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain 1802: Spain withdrew the right of American deposit in New Orleans

James Monroe sent to buy New Orleans & Florida for $10 million Toussaint L’Overture led Haitian Rebellion against French Prompted Napoleon to sell

Jefferson reluctantly agreed to buy Louisiana for $15 million Believed in strict construction - Constitution made no provision for acquiring new territory

Federalist Northeast argued as strict constructionists against the acquisition it would increase the number of agrarian states

Significance: Doubled size of US Mississippi River Westward expansion Ended European expansion Boosted US nationalism

Lewis & Clark Expedition 1804-1806 St. Louis to the mouth of Columbia River on the Pacific Ocean Aided by the wife of their French interpreter, a Shoshone named Sacajawea

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Zebulon Pike 1805: explored the northern Mississippi River 1806: went west into Colorado & New Mexico

Pike’s Peak, Colorado

Aaron Burr & Intrigue Aaron Burr lost the race for Governor of NY & the VP in 1804 Sided with a group of NE Federalist extremists (Essex Junto) wanted NY & NE to secede from the union

Plot thwarted by Hamilton Prompted Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804 killed the one remaining hope of the Federalist Party

Hamilton - Burr Duel

1806: Burr tried for treason Plotted to remove the Louisiana territory from the U.S. Acquitted by John Marshall when 2 witnesses could not be found

Decreased the likelihood of finding anyone guilty of treason in the future Burr’s failure to muster supporters indicated the level of national unity was growing in the west

Jefferson’s 2nd Term 1804: Jefferson reelected in a landslide Republicans had thoroughly usurped the Federalist agenda further weakening the Federalist Party

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic Wars British & French fighting threatened to drag the pacifist Jefferson into war Battle of Trafalgar (1805): British Admiral Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet Gave Britain command of the seas

Battle of Trafalgar

Battle of Austerlitz (1805) Napoleon victory Gave France command over the European continent Battle of Austerlitz

Orders in Council (1806): Berlin & Milan Decrees British close continental ports controlled by the French Berlin & Milan Decrees Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships entering British ports

British Impressment 1807: Chesapeake Incident American sailors forced into the Royal Navy 1807: Chesapeake Incident British attack an American navy frigate Americans call for blood

Jefferson did not want war Embargo Act of 1807 Army & navy weak Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson got Congress to impose an embargo Denied US ships the right to trade with Britain & France

Both the North & the South suffered Many in Northeast called for secession & nullification Embargo caused a depression Many backed Federalist candidates

The OGRABME

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) passed to replace the Embargo Act Reopened trade with everyone but France & Britain

Embargo’s Impacts Not long enough to have a major impact Cost the US a navy Helped the Federalist Party (briefly) Sparked the Industrial Revolution in America

Eventually British textile manufacturers will feel enough pain from non-intercourse they will complain to Parliament

Jefferson’s Legacy Expansionist tendencies Avoided European war Created a democratic non-aristocratic government Total defeat of Federalists Two-term precedent

Chose James Madison to succeed him