BLOOD AND IMMUNITY

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Proteins of Plasma Albumin GlobulinFibrinogen prevents water from leaving the blood and entering the surrounding cells by osmosis helps maintaining the concentration of water in the blood & at the same time concentration of water in body tissues involves in blood clotting some of them involved in protein transport some of them called antibodies bind foreign substances to destruct them ***Blood is a liquid tissue which contains both dissolved and suspended materials that travel through the blood vessels to every part of the body.

Red Blood Cell Production RBC production all bones until 5 years old vertebrae, sternum, ribs and ilia after 20 years Factors that increase the production of RBCs  low blood volume  anemia  low hemoglobin  poor blood flow  pulmonary disease (cardiac failure, lung disease)  at very high altitudes when oxygen concentration is low

Functions of the Blood 1.Transportation: - O 2 and nutrients to cells - CO 2 and wastes from cells to excretory system - hormones 2. Regulation: - distributes heat throughout the body - maintains constant pH and water balance 3. Protection: - carries defensive cells and chemicals - prevents blood loss by forming clot

Red Blood Cells  contain hemoglobin (iron containing pigment)  carry O 2 to body cells and CO 2 from body cells to lungs  are disk shaped, but thinner in the center  in humans mature RBCs don’t have nuclei (also ribosome and mitochondria)  each mm 3 blood contains 5 million RBCs  are produced in bone marrow  have an average life span of 120 days  worn-out cells are removed from the circulation by liver and spleen and then broken down, iron is held and reused to make new RBCs.

Red Blood Cells Anemia: insufficient amount of RBC or hemoglobin lowers the amount of O 2 that can be carried in blood is treated with Vit B 12 and iron-rich food Sickle cell anemia: a genetic disorder caused by abnormal form of hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity of blood is decreased sickle-cell-anemia.html

Red Blood Cells

anemia

White Blood Cells  defensers of the body  mature WBCs have nuclei & are larger than RBCs  less in number than RBCs  produced by bone marrow and lymphatic tissue  circulate in blood, also can leave blood and enter tissues  their number increases when there is an infection  phagocytic WBCs eat (engulf)

White Blood Cells Leukemia  is the cancer of white blood cells  the number of WBCs is abnormally high in leukemia

Platelets Human Red Blood Cells, Platelets and T-lymphocyte (erythocytes = red; platelets = yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green) (SEM x 9,900). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at used with permission.  involved in blood clotting process  they are pinched from the cytoplasm of large cells in the bone marrow  don’t contain nuclei  surrounded by membrane  live 7 days

Blood Clotting

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The Immune System