Language of Anatomy Anatomists have a set of reference terms that are universally understood. Allows body structures to be located & identified with minimum words and great clarity.

Anotomical Position Anatomists/doctors use a universally accepted position, the anatomical position when referring to the body. standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the side, with the palms turned forward

Surface Anatomy (External Landmarks) Body surfaces have many visible landmarks. (35 from lab) Anterior (front) landmarks Posterior (back) landmarks Two division Axial – head, neck and trunk Appendicular – limbs and attachment to axis

Body Orientation & Direction (Terms have different meaning for quadrupeds and bipeds) Superior/Inferior Above/below Ex: Standing on your head, your head is _______ to your neck. Inferior Anterior/Posterior Front/back Ex: Your chest is _________ to your shoulder blades. Anterior

Body Orientation & Direction Medial/Lateral Toward midline/away from midline Ex: The cheeks are ________ to the tongue. Lateral Dorsal/Ventral Backside/belly side Ex: Your naval is on the _________ side of the body. Ventral

Body Orientation & Direction Superficial (external)/Deep (internal) Toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface Ex: The skin is ____________ to the skeletal muscles. Superficial Cephalad (cranial)/Caudal Toward head/toward the tail or feet Humans: interchangeable with superior and inferior Quadrupeds: interchangeable with anterior and posterior

Body Orientation & Direction Proximal/Distal Nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment, can also be used to indicate regions (closer to or farther from the head) of internal tubular organs. Ex: The knee is ________ to the toes. Proximal Ex: The small intestines is ________ to the large intestines.

Biped Directional Terms Cephalad (cranial) caudal

Body Planes & Sections To make observations of internal structures during dissection, it is necessary to make sections or cuts. Sections/cuts are made through the body wall or through an organ along an imaginary surface or line called a plane.

Body Planes & Sections Sagittal (longitudinal) plane divides a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. Median/midsagittal plane The right and left parts are equal Parasagittal Plane The right and left parts are unequal

Body Planes & Sections Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.

Body Planes & Sections Transverse (cross section) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts.

Body Planes

Biped vs. Quadruped Directional Language of Anatomy and Planes Label the following diagrams of a biped and quadruped with the following terms. cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior What are caudal and cephalad interchangable with in a biped vs. a quadruped? What parts are the biped and quadruped divided into for a coronal, transverse and sagittal plane?

Biped Directional Terms Cephalad (cranial) caudal

Quadruped Directions

Quadruped Planes & Sections (Different From Bipeds) At the left, from top to bottom, observe a sagittal section, a transverse section, and a dorsal plane section through a dog head. A sagittal section divides the cadaver into right & left parts. A transverse section divides the cadaver into cranial & caudal parts. A dorsal plane (frontal plane) section is cut parallel to the back, dividing the cadaver into top (dorsal) & bottom (ventral) parts.

Transverse, Sagittal, Coronal

Body Cavities Axial portion of body Dorsal Body Cavity two large cavities, protects organs. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial cavity – brain Vertebral (spinal) cavity – spinal cord Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity (superior the diaphragm) – heart, lungs Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior the diaphragm) – Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, liver Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Body Cavities

Body Systems/Organs

Reference Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/What-Is-Anatomy-and-Physiology-.topicArticleId-277792,articleId-277504.html http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/planar/