 Nationalism › Extreme pride in one’s country › Desire to extend boundaries  Alliances › Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy › Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia  Internal Dissent › Many countries were on the verge of revolution  Militarism › Massive build-up of militaries

 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne was assassinated when he visited Sarajevo  Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia › They were backed by Germany  Russia then mobilized to support Serbia

 Following Russian mobilization, Russia declared war on Germany  Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two- front war with France and Russia › Western & Eastern Front  Soon, Germany declared war on France  Great Britain came to the aide of her allies and declared war on Germany

Dug in 1914 Hundreds of miles of trenches stretched across Europe Protected by barbed wire entanglements

 Airplanes first appeared on the battlefront by the end of 1915  Planes were first used to spot the enemy’s position  Later they were used to attack ground targets like communication lines  First pilots fired at each other with hand- held pistols

 United States tried to remain neutral  The US entered the war because of… › Unrestricted submarine warfare › The sinking of the Lusitania › The Zimmerman Telegram › The Blockade

 November 3, 1918, sailors in the Northern Germany mutinied  Within a few days, German civilians took over public offices  On November 11, 1918, the new German government declared armistice, or an end to the fighting

 Fourteen Points  Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace  The president believed in “Peace without victory” › Winners would not punish the losers  Points to Know › No secret treaties among nations › Freedom of the seas › Tariffs should be lowered or abolished (free trade) › Arms should be reduced › Colonial policies should consider the interests of colonial peoples › Creation of the League of Nations (similar to today’s United Nations)  The world loved Wilson’s plan but it was rejected by the US Senate › Many thought the League of Nations threatened our sovereignty › US returned to isolationism after the war

 Met in early 1919 to try to determine a peace settlement  Most of the nations hoped to make Germany pay for the war  The Big Three(France, Germany, USA) also agreed to adopt Wilson’s plan for peace

 Peace treaty to end WWI  Germany could not have an army  Germany had to pay reparations, or war damages to the Allies  Germany had to sign the War Guilt Clause › Took responsibility for starting the war

 Increased Government Powers › Rationed food › Established wage controls › Established price controls  Manipulation of Public Opinion › Propaganda  Women › Took on the jobs that men had previously done at home › Factory workers, truck drivers

 Map of Western Europe was redrawn › New nations emerged  Freedom of the press and speech had been limited during the war  Economies had difficulty recovering from the stress of the war  Revolutions broke out throughout the world

 Russia’s failure in the war and worker unrest led to the Russian Revolution in 1917  The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrew the provisional government › Led to civil war › The Bolsheviks took control of the country and renamed themselves the Communists › Russia was now a centralized state dominated by a single power