AP EURO - Introduction Ms. Callejas

SATELLITE VIEW OF EUROPE

 1. Northern Europe  2. Western Europe  3. Eastern Europe  3,800 square miles

 1. “Classical Period” - Ancient Greece/Rome  2. “Middle Ages/Medieval Period”- (Early : , High : , Late : )  3. “Early Modern Period” – 1450 to mid 1700’s  4. “Modern Period”- Mid 1700’s to Present

 Inquiry: A close examination of something in order to search for information or truth.  Historical Sources: Are used as EVIDENCE by Historians.

 1. Primary Source:  A document/Artifact that originates from the past.  Ex: letter, diary, drawing, Painting, clothing, document, map, photograph…  2. Secondary Source:  A document/Artifact that has been written (or made ) recently about the past.  Ex: textbook, scholarly article, biography, current book.

 13 th century = 1200’s  14 th century= 1300’s  15 th century = 1400’s  16 th century = 1500’s  17 th century = 1600’s  18 th century = 1700’s  19 th century = 1800’s  20 th century – 1900’s  21 st century = 2000’s

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Chapter 9

 1. Improvement in climate  2. New Agricultural Methods : wheeled plow  3. Growth in Population  4. Growth in Trade  5. Growth of Cities

1 st European University: * Bologna, Italy Est. 11 th century ! *University of Paris, 1200 *University of Oxford (England), 1208

 1. Trivium : Grammar, rhetoric, logic  2. Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy & music

 Degrees awarded after 4-6 years of study  Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)  Artium Magister (Master of Arts)  Doctor’s Degree-Law, Medicine, Theology. Required 10 additional years of study!  Lectures in Latin

Instructional Method:  An attempt to reconcile faith (Theology) and reason (Greek Philosophy of Aristotle)  St. Thomas Aquinas

Social, Political, & Ecclesiastical Breakdown

 Brutal, Longer Winters 1303,  Excessive Rain & Floods 1314  3 Years of Crop Failures  End result : The Great Famine

 The Plague  Culprits: Rats & Fleas carried bacterium  Yesrinia Pestis  Symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, dark blotches

 Entered through Constantinople (Turkey) 1346  Spread rapidly  Followed Trade routes  The dance maccabre  

European population declined between 25% to 50%  Between  How did this inexplicable event affect the mentality of people?  Doctor’s Robe 

 New attitudes towards Life & Death emerged  Altered ideas towards religion  2 Perspectives:  1.New Pietism Emerged  2. Loss of Respect for the Church

 The Flagellants (Germany)  Saw Black Death as punishment from God  Flogged themselves to win forgiveness of God  Catholic Church alarmed

 Jews accused of Causing Plague  By “poisoning wells”  Jews Persecuted  In Germany 60 Jewish Communities persecuted by 1351

 Wrote The Decameron  Premise of Novel : Nobles “hide” in country home to escape plague  And Tell stories to pass time

 Q Q

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 A Series of wars between England and France  What were the causes of the Hundred Year’s War?

* French King Charles IV died without a male heir

 English King Edward III  Claimed French Throne as his  Why? His Grandfather was a French King!

 French Barons were insulted and  Chose Phillip VI of Valois as King   (1 st cousin of the dead French King Charles IV)

 French land controlled by English King!

 Flanders wanted independence from France  Asked England for help…  And acknowledged English King Edward III as King of France 1340 !!!

 France not a unified country before war began  French King controlled only ½ the country

 A Series of short raids  Few Major battles  Marked by Times of truce & Ineffective treaties

 Much larger population  Army of 50,000 men vs. British army of 32,000

 Weapons & Technology:  The Long Bow ( six arrows per minute!)  Successful strategies:  1. Capture the enemy knights & hold them for ransom !  2. Raids: steal & destroy

 English won greatest victory  Used Cannons & Longbows  They Captured the greatest ransom…of all

 John II “the Good” claimed throne in 1350  was Captured by the English!  France now “ruled” by Estates General  Representative Council of Townspeople & nobles

 France agreed to pay ransom- 3 million gold crowns for King John II’s Release  King Edward of England renounced claim to French throne, but kept territories

 Re-started the war  invaded a weakened France  With help from Dukes of Normandy,  Gained control of Normandy, Paris, & Northern France

 Legitimate French heir disinherited !  King Henry V of England proclaimed successor to French Throne !  Henry V and Real French Heir Charles VI died 1422  But Charles VI had a SON…

 Son of Charles VI  Rightful French heir to the throne  Was desperate to win/end war

 Presented herself to King Charles VII in 1429  The King of Heaven called her to deliver the besieged Orleans from the English.

 Became an inspiration to all  Unified hopes of the French  Brought sense of national identity & self confidence  Led French army to victory at Orleans, 1429

 Fell into English hands  Her “unnatural dress” & claim to divine guidance was used against her

 Suffered 10 weeks of interrogation  Condemned & burned as a heretic  She was 19   1456 declared innocent  1920 declared Roman Catholic Saint

 OpI OpI

 1. France gained national identity and a “National” hero, Joan of Arc  2. France became unified “nation”  3. England lost territories in France by 1450  4. War ended 1453