Why Europe needed to expand? Decline of manor (lord-vassal feudal relationship) (Post-Crusades), Decline of manor (lord-vassal feudal relationship) (Post-Crusades), Rise of nationalism (absolute monarchs) led to merchants becoming important (to finance King’s government), Rise of nationalism (absolute monarchs) led to merchants becoming important (to finance King’s government), More food production possible (technology improves) More food production possible (technology improves) –horse collar and shoes, use of oxen, –3 field rotation, (new legume crops leads to population increase) More people available to migrate More people available to migrate –emancipation of serfs, –enclosure laws Internal commerce and urban trade centers Internal commerce and urban trade centers –Results in money economy instead of barter (food, jobs, rent)…Rising middle class

In Europe by 15th Century… Money had replaced land as source of wealth, but noble birth was still most important for social status, regardless of wealth Money had replaced land as source of wealth, but noble birth was still most important for social status, regardless of wealth –Gold, silver, gems used to support money economy… –BULLIONISM Need to get more land to grow more food…will trade slaves, grain crops, lumber, furs with other areas to get spices, perfumes, crucible-formed metals, cotton & silk textiles, drugs… Need to get more land to grow more food…will trade slaves, grain crops, lumber, furs with other areas to get spices, perfumes, crucible-formed metals, cotton & silk textiles, drugs…

Political dissent Many nobles lost their fortunes in the Crusades(1100 – 1200); the new middle-class townspeople did not owe loyalty to a feudal lord. Many nobles lost their fortunes in the Crusades(1100 – 1200); the new middle-class townspeople did not owe loyalty to a feudal lord. Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes. England, France, and Spain began creating nation-states with strong central governments and homogeneous populations. Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes. England, France, and Spain began creating nation-states with strong central governments and homogeneous populations. King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta (1215), a document that established several principles of government: King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta (1215), a document that established several principles of government: –No taxation without representation –The right to trial by a jury of one’s peers –These rights were gradually extended to ordinary people Kings establish dominance “divine right of kings” Kings establish dominance “divine right of kings” –If you don’t agree, then you need to flee!

Religious dissent Most kings allied with Catholic Church Most kings allied with Catholic Church 16 th Century - Protestant Reformation is a threat to Church 16 th Century - Protestant Reformation is a threat to Church Martin Luther (1517 ;95 Theses) Martin Luther (1517 ;95 Theses) John Calvin (“the elect”, predestination) John Calvin (“the elect”, predestination) King Henry VIII King Henry VIII Catholic Church increases demand to proselytize (requerimiento)…spread the faith! Catholic Church increases demand to proselytize (requerimiento)…spread the faith!

Technological Innovations (Crusades…cultural diffusion…Renaissance…inquiry… Scientific Revolution)… Marco Polo Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years and worked for Kublai Khan. Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years and worked for Kublai Khan. On the return trip, he went through Southeast Asia and India. On the return trip, he went through Southeast Asia and India. Marco took note of the people, places, and customs. Marco took note of the people, places, and customs. His book about his travels influenced later explorers His book about his travels influenced later explorers 1. Triangular lateen sail 1. Triangular lateen sail 2. Sternpost rudder 2. Sternpost rudder 3. Shallow draft 3. Shallow draft 4. Large, wide cargo hold 4. Large, wide cargo hold 5. Compass (direction) 5. Compass (direction) 6. Astrolabe (latitude) 6. Astrolabe (latitude) 7. Knowledge of wind, sea currents 7. Knowledge of wind, sea currents Prince Henry the Navigator Set up a school in Lisbon, Portugal and naval observatory to encourage exploration Set up a school in Lisbon, Portugal and naval observatory to encourage exploration Developed caravel ship… sponsored many expeditions. Developed caravel ship… sponsored many expeditions. Hoped to find a sea route to India to allow Portugal and other countries to trade directly with the East instead of going through Italian merchants (to obtain sugar, etc.) Hoped to find a sea route to India to allow Portugal and other countries to trade directly with the East instead of going through Italian merchants (to obtain sugar, etc.)

3 G’s…GOLD, GOD, GLORY! PORTUGAL PORTUGAL –1488 Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope –1498 Vasco DaGama reaches India SPAIN SPAIN –1492 Columbus convinces Queen Isabella to try westward route…reaches Carribean Who will control newly discovered lands? Who will control newly discovered lands? –Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Pope Alexander VI divides all “pagan” lands between Spain and Portugal LINE OF DEMARCATION LINE OF DEMARCATION

1494 Treaty of Tordesilla Who was left out? Why?

The Columbian Exchange Interaction between Europeans and Native Americans—and eventually Africans—led to exchanges: –plants –animals –languages –Technology –deadly germs, brought epidemics to the Americas Native American crops: Corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts Corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts European products: Certain foods Certain foods Domestic animals, including horses Domestic animals, including horses New technology, including guns New technology, including guns Smallpox and measles Smallpox and measles

“Exchange”… These diseases, especially smallpox and measles, traveled along native trade routes from the Caribbean to the Gulf Coast, up the Mississippi, and into the Plains and the eastern woodlands. These diseases, especially smallpox and measles, traveled along native trade routes from the Caribbean to the Gulf Coast, up the Mississippi, and into the Plains and the eastern woodlands. Estimates of population decline following contact with the Europeans range from 70 to 90 percent and what happened has been called a "demographic catastrophe." According to the historian David Stannard, the decimation of new world peoples was a "holocaust. (Va.Tech.Study) Estimates of population decline following contact with the Europeans range from 70 to 90 percent and what happened has been called a "demographic catastrophe." According to the historian David Stannard, the decimation of new world peoples was a "holocaust. (Va.Tech.Study) From the Spanish perspective epidemics were a mixed blessing. They reduced resistance to colonization, but they also destroyed the work force the colonizers needed to exploit their new possessions… SLAVE TRADE From the Spanish perspective epidemics were a mixed blessing. They reduced resistance to colonization, but they also destroyed the work force the colonizers needed to exploit their new possessions… SLAVE TRADE

African Society and the Slave Trade Atlantic slave trade began in the sixteenth century as a response for the demand for cheap labor. Planters demanded more laborers for their plantations. African merchants helped supply slaves to traders in exchange for the traders’ business. African rulers supplied slaves in exchange for European firearms. Others who supplied slaves wanted to help weaken rival African leaders. The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins Europeans captured people during conflicts with North African Muslims. European traders conducted slave raids and kidnappings. The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the 1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

Each person had a space 5’ long X 18” wide X 3’ high.

Clash of Cultures Land ownershipReligionSocialPolitical Private ownership Based on improving land, concept of rent No one can own nature Communal ownership within village or clan Monotheistic; Polytheistic Polytheistic; - Animism Monotheistic - Islam Paternal Matrilineal Nationalism; Absolutism Rule by elders - Communal Rule by elders; - Communal