1. Ch. 1 – Exploration & Contact European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery 1) Emerging nation-states sought power and hoped to out-compete rivals 1) Emerging nation-states sought power and hoped to out-compete rivals 2) New military technology enabled Europeans to dominate from c. 1500 on 2) New military technology enabled Europeans to dominate from c. 1500 on 3) Economics 3) Economics Need for new markets (especially from East - e.x.: spices) Need for new markets (especially from East - e.x.: spices) Mercantilism required new sources of precious metals & furs Mercantilism required new sources of precious metals & furs

2. European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery (cont.) European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery (cont.) 4) Competition between Catholics and Protestants became conflict of national purposes 4) Competition between Catholics and Protestants became conflict of national purposes 5) Navigational technology allowed for extended exploration: 5) Navigational technology allowed for extended exploration: Compass, Astrolab, Portuguese caravels (ships) Compass, Astrolab, Portuguese caravels (ships) 6) Renaissance (late 14th c. -16th c.) 6) Renaissance (late 14th c. -16th c.) Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration

3. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Spain eager to compete with Portugal. Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand financed voyage. Spain eager to compete with Portugal. Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand financed voyage. Set sail in 1492 to find a short trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. Set sail in 1492 to find a short trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. Instead, landed on Caribbean islands Oct.12, 1492. Believed he had reached “Indies”. Instead, landed on Caribbean islands Oct.12, 1492. Believed he had reached “Indies”. Credited with discovery of the “New World”. Credited with discovery of the “New World”.

4. Effects of Voyage Effects of Voyage 1) Columbian Exchange – global transfer of living things (plants, animals, diseases). 1) Columbian Exchange – global transfer of living things (plants, animals, diseases). 2) Europeans 2) Europeans a. Began to colonize Americas, global empires for first time in human history a. Began to colonize Americas, global empires for first time in human history b. Explosion of capitalism b. Explosion of capitalism c. Improved diet, higher population c. Improved diet, higher population 3) Native Americans 3) Native Americans a. Forced to work on plantations a. Forced to work on plantations b. Many died from European diseases (smallpox) b. Many died from European diseases (smallpox) c. Horses, cattle, firearms changed Indian culture c. Horses, cattle, firearms changed Indian culture 4) Africans 4) Africans a. Slave trade increased need for more labor on plantations. a. Slave trade increased need for more labor on plantations.

5. Summary of relations between European Colonial Powers & Indians: Summary of relations between European Colonial Powers & Indians: Spanish - sought to Catholicize, control, use Indians for forced labor (mission system, encomienda, hacienda) Spanish - sought to Catholicize, control, use Indians for forced labor (mission system, encomienda, hacienda) French - sought trade relations with Indians; Jesuits sought to convert them to Catholicism French - sought trade relations with Indians; Jesuits sought to convert them to Catholicism English - sought to remove Indians from land or exterminate them English - sought to remove Indians from land or exterminate them