Anatomy and Physiology I Joints Instructor: Mary Holman

Joints - Articulations A functional point of contact between two bones, between bones and cartilage, or between bone and teeth. bind skeletal parts together while still permitting growth facilitate movement in response to muscular contractions the study of joints is Arthrology the study of motion is Kinesiology

Types of Joints Functional Classifications Structural Classifications --- Synarthrosis - immovable Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable Diarthrosis - freely movable Structural Classifications Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints

Fibrous Joints Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis Periodontal ligament Interosseus membrane of leg Periodontal ligament Crown of tooth Tibia Fibula Anterior tibiofibular ligament (interosseus ligament) Connective tissue Alveolar process of mandible Root of tooth Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis Symphysis Fig. 8.5 Epiphyseal Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis First rib Epiphyseal plates Thoracic vertebra Symphysis Costal cartilage Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs Manubrium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Structure of a Typical Synovial Joint Fig. 8.7 Structure of a Typical Synovial Joint Frontal plane Spongy bone Joint capsule Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Six subtypes of Synovial Joints High Ball-and-socket Condylar Saddle Plane Hinge Pivot Mobility Low

Ball-and-socket joint Fig. 8.9a Ball-and-socket joint Hip bone Head of femur in acetabulum Femur * Shoulder joint is another example Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Condylar joint *Also joint between radius of lower arm and Fig. 8.9b Condylar joint Metacarpal Phalanx *Also joint between radius of lower arm and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus (wrist) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Saddle joint Fig. 8.9f First metacarpal Trapezium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plane (planar) joint *Also between navicular and lateral and Fig. 8.9c Plane (planar) joint Carpals *Also between navicular and lateral and middle cuneiforms in tarsus (ankle) and many others Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hinge joint * Also interphalangeal joints Fig. 8.9d Humerus Radius Ulna * Also interphalangeal joints Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Pivot joint *Also radioulnar joints anterior posterior Fig. 8.9e Dens Transverse ligament Atlas Axis posterior *Also radioulnar joints Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Gliding - planar joints Angular movement Rotation Special - occur only at certain joints

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Angular Movement Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Hyperextension Flexion Extension Extension Flexion

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Angular Movement Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Angular Movement - Abduction, Adduction Abduction Adduction © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.

Angular Movement - Abduction, Adduction

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Angular Movement - Circumduction Fig. 8.11a Circumduction © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Fig. 8.11b Rotation Medial rotation Lateral rotation © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Fig. 8.11c Special Movements Supination Pronation © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Special Movements Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion

© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 8.12 Special Movements Inversion Eversion Also: Opposition Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.

Right Shoulder Anterior view Clavicle Coracohumeral ligament Fig. 8.14a Right Shoulder Anterior view Clavicle Coracohumeral ligament Acromion process Coracoid process Transverse humeral ligament Subscapular bursa Tendon of Biceps Brachii (long head) Articular capsule (glenohumeral ligaments hidden) Humerus Scapula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Shoulder Joint - Frontal section Fig. 8.13a Shoulder Joint - Frontal section Subdeltoid bursa Clavicle Synovial membrane Acromion process Joint capsule Joint cavity Humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right Shoulder Joint -Lateral view opened Fig. 8.14b Right Shoulder Joint -Lateral view opened Joint capsule Clavicle Acromion process Coracoid process Glenohumeral ligaments Glenoid labrum Glenoid cavity Triceps brachii (long head) Scapula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ulnar collateral ligament Fig. 8.16a Right Elbow Joint Medial view Humerus Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Anular ligament Medial epicondyle Radius Articular capsule Interosseous membrane Ulna Coronoid process Ulnar collateral ligament Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radial collateral ligament Fig. 8.16b Right Elbow Joint Lateral view Humerus Lateral epicondyle Anular ligament Radius Interosseous membrane Ulna Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Left Elbow Anular ligament Olecranon bursa Fig. 8.15a Humerus Medial view -sagittal section Humerus Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Anular ligament Radius Ulna Olecranon bursa Olecranon process Trochlea Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right Hip Joint Ligaments Fig. 8.19 Right Hip Joint Ligaments Ilium Ilium Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament Pubis Ischium Greater trochanter Ischiofemoral ligament Lesser trochanter Femur Femur (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right Hip Joint Frontal section Fig. 8.18a Joint cavity Hip bone Joint cavity Articular cartilage Ligamentum capitis Synovial membrane Joint capsule Femur Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right Knee - Bent Anterior view Fig. 8.21a Posterior cruciate ligament Femur Medial condyle Lateral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament (cut) Fibula Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Patellar Ligament Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Patella

Left Knee - Posterior view Fig. 8.21b Left Knee - Posterior view Tendon of adductor magnus (cut) Femur Plantaris muscle (cut) Joint capsule Gastrocnemius Muscle (cut) Oblique popliteal ligament Tendon of semimembranosus (cut) Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Popliteus muscle (cut) Fibula Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Knee Joint Fig. 8.20a Sagittal section Synovial membrane Suprapatellar bursa Femur Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Prepatellar bursa Patella Joint cavity Articular cartilage Menisci Patellar ligament Infrapatellar bursa Tibia Joint capsule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.