Basic Processes and Principles Rationale and Foundation of Current Behavior Analysis and Management Techniques and Methods.

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Basic Processes and Principles Rationale and Foundation of Current Behavior Analysis and Management Techniques and Methods

Types of Behavior n Behavior: anything a person "does" – not a person's "deportment" n Two types of behavior (Skinner, 1938) – RESPONDENT è involuntary behaviors (responses) è elicited by known stimuli è eye dialation, shivering, sweating, blinking, etc. – OPERANT è voluntary behaviors (responses) è elicited by learned stimuli è completing homework, fighting, talking, etc.

Operant Behaviors n Influenced by events that follow the behavior – learned as a function of consequences è positive - a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future è negative - a consequence that lowers the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future è contingent - a consequence that follows a behavior conditionally è noncontingent - a consequence that follows behavior without conditions

Moral of the Story

Reinforcers n A reinforcer is a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future – Positive Reinforcement - the contingent presentation of a consequence that increases behavior è smile, candy, grade, recess, pay check, etc. – Negative Reinforcement - the contingent removal of some unwanted stimulus that increases behavior è homework, school work, bathing

Contingency Table - Reinforcers Stimulus, event, Present Remove or condition Positive condition Aversive condition Attract Escape

Moral of the Story

Categories of Reinforcers n Primary – ediblefoods, liquids – sensoryvisual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, kinesthetic n Secondary – tangiblecertificates, badges, stickers – privilegemonitorships, group leader – activityspecial play, access to media, extra work – generalizedtokens, points, credits – socialexpressions, proximity, contact, feedback,

Why does it work?

Concept Analysis of Behavior Change Theory and Techniques

A B C ANTECEDENT A stimulus that precedes a behavior BEHAVIOR Any observable and measurable act of an individual (also called a response) CONSEQUENCE Any stimulus presented contingent on a particular behavior (response)

A C B AntecedentBehavior Consequence

A B1B1 B2B2 B3B3

A B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5

A B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5

A B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5

A B C Learning History

A B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5

A 30% 65% 5% B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5 40% 85%

A 30% 65% 5% 30% 40% 85% 60% B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5 10% 40% 5%

A C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5 65% B1B1 B2B2 B3B3 85%

Principles of Discrimination n The ability to tell the difference between environmental events or stimuli n Discrimination develops as a result of differential reinforcement S R+ SDSD S B B

Establish Increase or Maintain Decrease

INCREASE OR MAINTAIN A BEHAVIOR REDUCE A BEHAVIOR ESTABLISH A BEHAVIOR Haus & Polsgrove, 1980 Antecedents ConsequencesAntecedents Consequences AntecedentsConsequences Instruction Modeling Guided Participation Shaping Cueing Contingency Premack Principle Management Stimulus Control Extinction Punishment Reinforce Competing Behavior CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE