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Consequences of Responding: Punishment

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Presentation on theme: "Consequences of Responding: Punishment"— Presentation transcript:

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2 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

3 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

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5 Just as we reinforce responses, not organisms, we also punish responses, not organisms
Our usage is no longer tied to the idea that punishment is about retribution Punishment has ethical implications, but if it happens we must understand how it works

6 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

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9 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

10 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

11 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

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13 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

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15 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

16 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

17 Teaching Reinforcement versus Teaching Punishment
The effects of punishers show up more immediately than those of reinforcers, so punishment is usually easier to teach. That is probably why punishers are so pervasive in human cultures. But you cannot shape with it; it reduces rather than enhances variations.

18 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

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20 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

21 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

22 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

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24 Procedural criteria for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement
Responding increases Responding decreases Response produces a stimulus Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Response removes or prevents a stimulus Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment

25 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

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27 Positive versus Negative
We could appeal to physics, but we would still have to deal with the ambiguities Instead, we can appeal to a behavioral criterion We will always speak of reinforcement when responding goes up and of punishment when it goes down But if the contingencies create behavior that competes with the responding to be reinforced (e.g., shivering that competes with heat-producing lever pressing during cold), then that is a better reason to distinguish between this procedure and one that does not produce such competition (e.g., food-reinforced lever pressing)

28 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

29 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

30 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

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32 One kind of avoidance procedure delays the aversive event (as when a coin in a parking meter sets back the time when you are at risk to be ticketed) A second kind prevents the aversive event (as when getting an immunization shot prevents you from contracting a disease)

33 When avoidance is successful, nothing happens
Though avoidance is easy to maintain once it gets started, it is hard to get it started That is probably why it is difficult to teach preventive measures such as adhering to medical procedures or using seat belts

34 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

35 Getting rid of the aversive stimulus is essentially getting rid of the establishing operation that makes its absence a reinforcer The proper extinction procedure, though rarely studied, is to continue to present the aversive stimulus, but to stop allowing the response to prevent or delay it

36 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

37 Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance
Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

38 Consequences of Responding: Punishment
The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

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