Chapter 27

Russia & Japan vs. the West How does Russia/Japan compare to the Middle East and China? – Untouched? – Westernized? – Colonized? – Conquered? – Culture of borrowing? – Previous relationships? – Strength of government?

RussiaJapan Similarities

Russia Before Reform Impact of Napoleon Appeal of Western wealth vs. ideas Rationale of serfdom – Wealth and paternalism Holy Alliance – Russia, Prussia, and Austria Politically conservative/oppressive – Secret police, censorship Failure to industrialize – Increase of serf system

Crimean War Russia vs. France (etc) – British, Ottomans, and kingdom of Sardinia – Russia lost Change is necessary

Industrialization needed Tsar Alexander II – Reform is seen as protecting Russia not becoming like the West

The Serf Questions Emancipation of Serfs (Not really) – Serfs were given grants of land that they had to pay for – Given their freedom but no rights – Allows for urban migration but not great – Opportunity fro agricultural reform that doesn’t happen

Industrialization cont Creation of factories – Owned by westerners Lack of driven middle class – Dependent on government encouragement/ organization Creation of Trans- Siberian railroad

Political Developments Creation of “zemstvoes” – Local councils – Czar still has supreme authority – Experience for middle class Paves the way for democratic movements (fail)

Russo-Japanese War ( ) Russia was expanding it imperialistic regime – Japan was doing the same Russia moved into Manchuria in China Russia looses to Japan. (WHAT???) – This causes protests in Russia to break out – Revolution of 1905 Creation of the National Parliament: Duma Beginning of more power to the

Groups Intelligentsia: desired increased political power, resulted from educational progress Anarchists: wanted to complete destruction of formal government Bolsheviks: most radical of Marxist groups, believed in an inevitable revolution of the proletariat

People Karl Marx: Believed in the benefits of a socialist movement in which the lower classes (proletariat) would overthrow the oppressive upper-class (bourgeoisie) and create a utopian society Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov: Vladimir Lenin: Founder of the communist movement in Russia after the Russian revolution

Japan

China

Japan Before Reform Economic Characteristics – Inadequate tax system – Increased agricultural productivity/early industrialization Cultural/Political development – Secular shift in upper classes – Increase of literacy – Ideological division (Dutch vs Confucianism)

Cause of Reform Matthew Perry Internal rebellion – Samurai uprising

Meiji Era ( ) Mutsuhito – Overthrows shogun and takes full power Daimyos give all land to government Mutsuhito sends scholars to European countries to find new ways of doing things – German method of government and army – British method of a navy – American method for education

European examples of industrialization 1872: first railroad 1890: 500,000 trained soldiers 40 steam-powered battleships

BUT : cancels extraterritorial rights with Europeans Become imperialistic Force Korea to begin trading in 1876 China and Japan agree to share Korea Sino-Japanese war between China and Japan Japan annexes Korea after War – Make students learn Japanese not Korean – Take land and give to Japanese – Do not modernize Korea