THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 16 Population and Urbanization Section 1: Population Change Section 2: Urban Life

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Objectives:  Identify factors that affect the size and structure of populations and explain how sociologists measure these factors.  Summarize how sociologists explain population change and describe the programs that have been instituted to control population growth. Section 1: Population Change

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 3 Size and Structure of Populations  Birthrate – annual number of live birth per 1,000 members of a population  Death rate – number of deaths within a society  Migration rate – annual difference between in- migration and out-migration  Growth rate – rate at which a country’s population is increasing  Population Composition – age and sex Section 1: Population Change

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Fertility- actual number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a population.  Fecundity- biological potential for reproduction. ( In approximately 30 years between the onset and end of ministration women have the biological capacity to bear between 15 and 30 children.) 4

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Mortality- number of deaths in a society.  Infant Mortality- annual number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 births.  Life Expectancy-average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.  Migration Rate-(movement of people)-annual difference between in-migration and out- migration. 5

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Growth Rate- rate in which a country’s population is increasing.  Population Composition- Population structure. Age and sex are most often used. 6

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Population- Number of people living in an area at a particular time.  Demography- Scientific study of human populations. 7

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 8 Explaining Population Change and Controlling Population Growth  Malthusian Theory – geometric population growth but arithmetic food production, population growth could outpace food production  Demographic Transition Theory – lower birthrate and lower death rate as a result of a higher stage of technological development  Controlling Population Growth – family planning and economic improvements Section 1: Population Change

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 9 Objectives:  Explain how cities evolved and why urbanization is such a recent event.  Identify the models that have been proposed to explain the structure of cities and summarize the theories that have been put forth to explain city life. Section 2: Urban Life

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 10 Evolution of the City and Urbanization  Cities arose with the Agricultural Revolution and preindustrial cities were small  Different occupations were located in distinct sectors and people were segregated into classes or castes  Unsanitary conditions led to high death rates  During the Industrial Revolution people came to the cities in search of jobs Section 2: Urban Life

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Urbanization- the concentration of the population in cities.  Overurbanization- when more people live in the city than the city can support in terms of jobs and facilities.  Urban Ecology- approach that examines the relationship between people and the urban environment. 11

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 12 Evolution of the City and Urbanization  Today 75 percent of Americans live in urban areas and almost every region of the country is heavily urbanized  Urbanization in more-developed nations has generally followed an ordered progression and has resulted in increased rates of literacy, greater economic opportunities, and improved health care Section 2: Urban Life (continued)

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 13 Models of Cities  Concentric Zone Model – city spreads outward from center, resulting in a series of circles, or zones  Sector Model- city grows in wedge-shaped sectors outward from center to edges of the city  Multiple-Nuclei Model- city develops around several centers of activity, or “nuclei,” devoted to specialized land use Section 2: Urban Life

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 14 Theories of City Life  Anomie Theory – city is anonymous and unfriendly and carries negative consequences for residents  Compositional Theory – greater diversity of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles  Subcultural Theory – people can find others with similar interests in diverse cities, some people form close ties Section 2: Urban Life