Homework checking 4.2. Count & Noncount nouns 1. C - N 2. C - N 5. N - N - C 6. C - C 7. N - N 8. N 9. C 10. C - N

Homework checking 4.5. Specific and Generic reference 1. G - G 2. S - S 3. S - G - G 4. S - G 5. G - G 11. Progressive aspect 6. S - S 7. G - G 8. S - G 9. S - G 10. S - S

Homework checking 4.6. Use of the articles 1. The - X 11. the - the 2. X - X 3. The - the - the - X 4. X - X 5. X - X 6. a - the - X - the - a/the 7. The - a - X 8. the - a - a 9. X - a/the - X 10. a 11. the - the 12. the/X - X 13. A 14. The 15. X 16. a 17. The 18. an 19. the 20. the

Homework checking 4.12. Uses of the genitive 1. The departure of the plane 2. The capture of the lion 3. The man's cake 4. The men's store 5. The city of Chicago 6. The team's coach 7. The one week's vacation 8. The hand of the clock 9. The man's dog 10. that of Jim's 11. a student of Plato's 12. The doctor's office

Homework checking Exercise 69 2. It 3. their 4. them 5. it 6. one 7. which 8. we 9. The 10. this/the 11. an 12. their 13. their/the 14. they 15. the 16. a 17. what 18. which 19. us 20. its 21. It 22. their 23. we/one 24. their 25. It 26. they 27. them 28. the 29. this/the 30. their

E_English Grammar Course Unit 3 NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

Issues NOUN PHRASE Basic NP Complex NP Determiners Modification Predeterminers Central determiners Postdeterminers Complex NP Modification Premodification Postmodification Multiple modification

Noun phrases Noun Phrase = typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

Basic Noun phrases Basic NP (Determiners) Head noun + E.g.: All these 10 pupils

Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N Determiners Pre-determiners Central determiners Post-determiners

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half mutually exclusive E.g.: all girls, both girls BUT NOT: all both girls multipliers fractions such, what

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half + before: articles (a, an, the, zero article) E.g.: all the time possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days + not before: quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half + take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns E.g.: all (of) the time obligatory with pronouns E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it + “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Once, twice, three times, double, etc. Determiners Determiners Once, twice, three times, double, etc. Pre-determiners multipliers + used to denote the quantity of the nouns E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries + occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners (one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.) Pre-determiners fraction + the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books. + the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

Determiners Determiners Pre-determiners Such/ what + occur before the head noun + “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers” E.g.: What/ Such a surprise! no/many/41 such incidents

Central Determiners Determiners 6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count) Central determiners (1) the, possessive, wh-words, Some, any (stressed), no (2) zero article some, any (unstressed) enough (3) a(n) every each Either neither (4) this that (5) these those (6) much

Central Determiners (See more in 4.5) Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes COUNT NON-COUNT SINGULAR PLURAL bottle furniture bottles (See more in 4.5)

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners  (1) the, possessive, wh-words, some, any (stressed), no E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners  (2) zero article, some, any (unstressed) enough E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I want some beer, please. - Have we got any wine for tonight? - I did not have enough time to do this.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners  (3) a(n) every each either neither E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (4) this that  E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (5) these those  E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?

Central Determiners Determiners Central determiners (6) much  E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals include: one, two, three, etc. E.g.: my three son his two books Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners Cardinal numerals before count Ns: many, (a) few, several before non-count Ns: much, (a) little E.g.: a few words much stress Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Central Determiners Determiners Post determiners include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc. verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.) E.g.: Lots of food was on the table. There was a lot of food on the table. Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals/general ordinals Close-system quantifiers Open-class quantifiers

Noun phrases Noun Phrase Basic NP Complex NP

Complex noun phrase Complex NP Pre-modification Post-modification + Head noun + E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

Modification Modification function status Restrictive Permanent Non-restrictive Temporary

Modification Modification helps identify the head & indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head tends to come after the head tends to be given more prosodic emphasis than the head E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice. He visited his aunt who often lent him money. function status Restrictive Permanent Non-restrictive Temporary

Modification Modification gives additional information to the head but is not essential for identifying the head the reference: unique or as member of a class that has been independently identified tends to come before the head tends to be unstressed in pre-head position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique) function status Restrictive Permanent Non-restrictive Temporary

Modification Modification function status Have reference to characteristic features Mainly the items which are placed in pre- modification position E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady Non-restrictive Permanent Restrictive Temporary

Modification Modification function status Have reference only to a specific time Mainly those adjectives which have to be predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man Non-restrictive Permanent Restrictive Temporary

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbials noun adjectives multiple premodification

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty. sentence adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-ed participles E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage. The wanted man was last seen in Paris. sentence adverbial Note: the participles denote the permanent. E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me. The man who is married = the married man noun adjective multiple premodification

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude. She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face. adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown. sentence adverbial noun adjective multiple premodification

multiple prmodification Premodification Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door. adverbial noun adjective multiple prmodification

multiple premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial E.g.: She is a lovely girl. noun adjective multiple premodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter . non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause E.g.: She love the monitor in your class. appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter. Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him. adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English. 12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born. That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me. She shows me the way how I can cook beef. prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause E.g.: The girl over there is my sister. The road back is dense with traffic. appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Postmodification Postmodification relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause Clause of time, place, manner, reason E.g.: Something strange happened last night. adverb adjective multiple postmodification

Multiple modification Multiple premodification Multiple postmodification

Multiple modification with single head: E.g.: his last brilliant book with multiple head: E.g.: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair Multiple premodification Multiple postmodification

Multiple modification Multiple premodification Sequence of premodifiers: Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head E.g.: a crumbling church towel the extravagant London social life some intricate old inter-locking Chinese designs Multiple postmodification

Multiple modification with single head: E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John with multiple head: E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John Multiple premodification Multiple postmodification

Related Readings Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. A University Grammar of English, NXB GTVT, 2002: Chapter 4 & Chapter 13