The Revolt of the Netherlands and the Spanish Armada Philip and Elizabeth The Revolt of the Netherlands and the Spanish Armada

The goals: Know Philip II’s relationship with Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor Describe the Escorial Palace Know the reasons behind the revolt in the Netherlands Did the Spanish Armada succeed in its goal to invade England, Why or why not?

Philip II was the son of Charles V Philip II was the son of Charles V. His father split the Holy Roman Empire between Philip and his uncle.

Philip was married to Henry VIII’s daughter, Mary Philip was married to Henry VIII’s daughter, Mary. Together, they set about making England Catholic again.

Philip was not attracted to Mary, but Mary was in love with him

During Mary’s five year reign, hundreds of Protestants were burned at the stake, even children younger than ten

Mary will go down in history as “Bloody Mary”

Philip had to return to Spain to watch over his dominions Philip had to return to Spain to watch over his dominions. Mary died soon afterwards.

Elizabeth inherits the throne

Elizabeth’s priority was to bring peace and prosperity to her people and end the great religious divisions

In the beginning, Philip tried to “be diplomatic” with Elizabeth and England

But, over time, Philip resented Elizabeth’s rule—and Philip himself became leader of the Counter-Reformation

At the same time, Spain entered its Golden Age—1550-1650, a time of great cultural achievement

Philip lost numerous wives to disease and childbirth.

His son, Don Carlos, was held captive when he revolted against his father. He died in captivity.

Philip built a royal residence Philip built a royal residence. It was called the Escorial—and was designed on a “grill” shape, representing the way that St. Lawrence was killed.

It was forbidding, monastic, and became a symbol of austere Catholicism

Philip faced a revolt in the Netherlands, the lands he inherited from his father.

The Netherlands comprised today’s Netherlands and Belgium The Netherlands is sometimes called Holland after its largest province.

The Northern Provinces had developed a loose federation The Southern Provinces were busy commercial centers. Their center was Antwerp

There were 17 provinces altogether

As France began to clamp down its protestant population—the Calvinists headed for the Netherlands for protection

These Protestants brought with them the Calvinist attitude that the state did not have supreme allegiance of its people A league of 200 nobles was formed to stop Spanish Influence—and prevent an inquisition in their country

An inquisition in the Netherlands would be disastrous—as, unlike Spain, there is a growing Protestant Population

Philip’s representatives refuse to listen. The inquisition begins. As a result. . .The Dutch revolt!

Catholic churches are pillaged and destroyed as people revolted against the Spanish domination

Philip sends in the Duke of Alva with select Spanish Troops into the Southern Netherlands

Alva’s Council of Troubles sentences thousands to death Alva’s Council of Troubles sentences thousands to death. He punishes the nobles.

These measures only unite the people against a common enemy: Philip and Spain

William of Orange, the royal house of Holland, emerges as a leader

William invited the Protestant countries to help harass the Spanish He authorized ships to harass or pirate Spanish ships, to raid Spanish occupied ports. By 1576 opposition to the Spanish superseded the differences between the provinces

England’s role in the revolt of the Netherlands

Elizabeth’s reign strengthened. But she did not marry. She did not name a direct heir until she was near death in 1603.

Elizabeth had a cousin, Mary Stuart, who inherited the throne of Scotland. She was young and foolish. She grew up in France.

After returning to Scotland, she married her first cousin and had a baby boy. This boy would eventually become James I of England and Scotland

Mary made many mistakes in her brief reign Mary made many mistakes in her brief reign. Her husband was murdered, and she married his suspected murder.

The Scottish Protestants, led by John Knox, were dismayed by Mary’s Catholicism and her instability. They wanted her out of the kingdom.

Eventually, Mary Queen of Scots fled to England Eventually, Mary Queen of Scots fled to England. Baby James remained in Scotland to be raised a Protestant. He would be raised to be Protestant.

Mary Queen of Scots remained under house arrest in England for 19 years

But while she lived, she remained a rallying point for all English Catholics

Don Juan, half brother of Philip II, hatched a plan to invade England and put Mary on the throne as an Catholic ruler

Elizabeth and quietly aided the Netherlands in past years, but now she signs an alliance with the Netherlands

English and Dutch raiders continue to pirate and pillage the rich Spanish Treasure ships

William the Silent is assassinated by agents of Philip II in 1584.

Don Juan dies, and now the Duke of Parma comes to the Netherlands Elizabeth continues to face a few internal threats, including the Ridolfi plot (which was in the movie Elizabeth). All of these plots have the goal of returning the Catholic faith to the throne of England

The Duke of Parma splits the 17 provinces The Duke of Parma splits the 17 provinces. The southern provinces agree to support the Spanish These Southern Provinces become the Spanish Netherlands—which in time will become the Austrian Netherlands, which in time becomes today’s BELGUIM

The seven northern provinces become the UNION of UTRECHT in 1579. They will become the United Provinces and declare their independence in 1581.

Both sides wanted to attack the other and claim it back. Spain wanted to conquer and bring back the North under its control The United Provinces wanted to retain the Southern Provinces.

The Duke of Parma moves on Antwerp—Elizabeth sends 6,000 troops to the North to prepare to attack

Word reaches England that Philip is preparing a great fleet of ships to attack England The Duke of Parma will cross over from Antwerp and also attack. With England returned to Catholicism, Spain can then subdue the revolt in the Netherlands

She was executed at Fothringham castle in 1587 As the Armada is built, time runs out for Mary Stuart. She had participated in one too many plots. She was executed at Fothringham castle in 1587

England prepares for attack Sir Francis Drake is sent to “raid” and burn as many ships as he can. He succeeds by raiding the Spanish port of Cadiz. This sets preparations back a year.

The Armada is ready! In 1588, the Armada sets sail from Spain to England

One of history’s famous stories. . .

The Armada. . . 130 ships 30,000 men (50,000 also waiting in the Spanish Netherlands) 2,400 canons

The English are commanded by Sir Francis Drake Legend has it that he said he had time enough to finish bowling, and defeat the Armada.

The Armada is picked off bit by bit, and mother nature does the rest

Philip is defeated, Elizabeth reigns supreme

Philip dies a long and painful death in 1598. Elizabeth dies in 1603 Philip dies a long and painful death in 1598. Elizabeth dies in 1603. An era ends

The Results: England England gains great national pride and love of their country. England begins to “rule the waves.”

The Results: Netherlands The Spanish Netherlands are ruined when the United Provinces (the Dutch) block the mouth of the Scheldt---For the next TWO CENTURIES!

The United Provinces move toward a Golden Age, which we will soon learn about

The Results: Spain Spain remains a great power It is weakening internally, highly dependant on gold/silver from the New World Able Spaniards are siphoned off for church positions Portugal and Catalonia re-establish independence

In Spain, the Moriscos (Muslim descent) are driven out- Spain loses an industrious minority

The Dutch become independent in 1609 The Dutch become independent in 1609. We will meet them again after the Religious Wars.

You should now know these things: Know Philip II’s relationship with Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor Describe the Escorial Palace Know the reasons behind the revolt in the Netherlands Did the Spanish Armada succeed in its goal to invade England, Why or why not?