Functional Groups IB

Objectives Concepts: –Functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, amine, amide, halogenoalkane –Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, Skills: –Draw and state names of the compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with the following functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide, amine, ester and halogenoalkane.

Functional Groups As has already been indicated, alkanes are relatively unreactive. For an organic molecule to be reactive it needs something additional. A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is called a functional group. C=C double is a functional group. Other functional groups contain elements other than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.

Functional Group A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

alkanes C H Only carbon and hydrogen All single bonds Their names end with -ane Ethane

alkenes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon double bond Their names end with -ene Ethene

alkynes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon triple bond Their names end with -yne Ethyne

alcohols Only one oxygen Has an O-H group Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton They are named as alkanol C H O Ethanol

C H O H3 C H O C H O Tertiary alcohol Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol

aldehydes H O C Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is at the end of the carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom They are named as alkanal Ethanal

ketones C H O Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons They are named as alkanone C H O Propanone

esters Has 2 oxygens One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons. They are named as Alkylalkanoate C H O Methylethanoate

carboxylic acids H O C Has 2 oxygens Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain. They are named as alkanoic acid C H O Ethanoic acid

ether Has 1 oxygen No O-H or C=O group The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms Their names end with -ether C H O Ethylmethylether

Amines Contain Nitrogen Has an –NH2 group Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to the number of carbon atoms connected to the N They are named as alkyl amine C H N Ethylamine

Amide H O C Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon atom They are named as alkanamide C H O N H H Ethanamide

Haloalkanes C Cl H Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen They are named as haloalkanes Chloroethane

What family does it belong to? C H

What family does it belong to? C H O

What family does it belong to? C H O

What family does it belong to? C O

What family does it belong to? C H O

What family does it belong to? C H O

What family does it belong to? C H O

What family does it belong to? C H O