1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are composed of just two elements: hydrogen and carbon Saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes) Bonding between the carbon atoms are all single covalent bonds (one pair of electrons is shared) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) Contain double or triple covalent bonds Double bond is formed when 2 pair of electrons are shared Alkenes contain a double bond Triple bond is formed when 3 pair of electrons are shared Alkynes contain a triple bond

2. ethane ethene ethyne single bond double bond triple bond 1 pr electrons 2 pr electrons 3 pr electrons

3. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons in which all members share the following characteristics: General formulaCH 4 C 3 H 8 C n H 2n+2 Structural formula All single covalent Bonds IUPAC name ending -aneMethanePropane

4. To determine the correct name of an alkane LOOK for a name ending with –ane To determine the correct formula of an alkane LOOK for a formula that fits the general formula of C n H 2n+2 (the number of H atoms must be 2 more than twice the number of carbon atoms) To determine the correct structure of an alkane LOOK for a structure containing all single bonds with four bonds around each C atom

5. Practice Which name represents an alkane? 1)octane3) propanal 2)octene4) propanol Which formula represents an alkane? 1)C 10 H 10 3) C 11 H 22 2)C 10 H 20 4) C 11 H 24 Draw a correct structure for an alkane.

6. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon in which all members share the following characteristics General formula C n H 2n C 2 H 4 C 3 H 6 Structural Formula One double bond Name ending -eneethenepropene

7. To determine the correct a name of an alkene LOOK for a name ending with –ene To determine the correct formula of an alkene LOOK for a formula that fits the general formula of C n H 2n (the number of H atoms must be exactly twice the number of C atoms) To determine the correct structure of an alkene LOOK for a structure containing one double bond with four bonds around each C atom

8. Practice Which name represents an alkene? 1)heptyne3) ethane 2)pentanol4) pentene Which formula represents an alkene? 1)C 5 H 10 3) C 8 H 18 2)C 5 H 12 4) C 8 H 14 Draw a correct structure for an alkene?

9. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons in which all members share the following characteristics General formula C n H 2n-2 C 2 H 2 C 3 H 4 Structural Formula One triple bond Name ending -yneethynepropyne

10. To determine the correct name of an alkyne LOOK for a name ending with –yne To determine the correct molecular formula of an alkyne LOOK for a formula that fits the general formula C n H 2n-2 (the number of H atoms must be 2 less than twice the number of C atoms) To determine the correct structure representing an alkyne LOOK for a structure containing one triple bond with four bonds around each C atom

13. Halides (halocarbons) are classes of organic compounds in which the functional group is one or more halogen atoms Functional GroupGeneral Formula -halogenR – X (R is a hydrocarbon chain and X is an attached halogen) Examples C 2 H 5 Br bromoethane CH 3 CHBrCH 2 CH 3 2- bromobutane CH 2 BrCHBrCH 3 1,2-dibromopropane

14. To determine the correct name of a halide LOOK for a name containing a halogen prefix To determine the correct formula of a halide LOOK for a formula containing one of the halogens Practice Which name represents a halide? 1)2-butene3) iodomethane 2)Methyl propanoate4) hexanol Which molecular formula represents a halide? 1)CH 3 CH 2 OH3) HClO 3 2)CH 2 Cl 2 4) CH 3 CHN 2

15. Alcohols are classes of organic compounds with hydroxyl (-OH) as the functional group Functional groupGeneral formulaName ending -OH (hydroxyl)R – OH-ol Examples C 2 H 5 OHethanol CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 2-butanol CH 2 (OH)CH 2 CH 2 (OH)1,3-propanediol

16. To determine the correct name of an alcohol LOOK for a name ending with –ol To determine the correct formula of an alcohol LOOK for a formula containing one or more OH attached to a hydrocarbon chain Practice Which IUPAC name is of a compound of an alcohol? 1)2-butanal3) heptane 2)methanoic4) octanol Which molecular formula represents an alcohol? 1)CH 3 CH 2 OH3) NH 4 OH 2)CH 3 CHO4) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH

17. Monohydroxyl alcohols contain only one –OH functional group attached to a hydrocarbon chain Primary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one OH is attached to a carbon that is bonded to one other carbon atom OH is always on the end carbon atom names of primary alcohols usually DO NOT contain any number if the name contains a number, it must be the number 1 Examples EthanolCH 3 CH 2 OH 1-butanolOHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

18. Secondary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one OH is attached to a C atom that is bonded to two other C atoms OH is never the end carbon Names of secondary alcohols will always contain a number greater than 1 Number indicates which carbon atom the –OH is bonded to Examples 2-propanolCH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 3-pentanolCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3

19. Tertiary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one OH is attached to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbons Name of a tertiary alcohol will always contain two of the same number Numbers indicate the position of the methyl group and OH group Example 2-methyl-2-propanol CH 3 C(CH 3 )(OH)CH 3

20. Dihydroxy alcohols contain TWO OH functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon chain Examples 1,2-ethanediolCH 2 (OH)CH 2 (OH) 1,3-propanediolCH 2 (OH)CH 2 CH 2 (OH) Trihydroxy alcohols contain THREE OH functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon chain Examples 1,2,3-propanetriolCH 2 (OH)CH(OH)CH 2 (OH)

21. Practice Which IUPAC name is of a primary alcohol? 1)2-butanal3) 1-chloropropane 2)2-butanol4) heptanol Which molecular formula represents a dihydroxy alcohol? 1)CH 3 CHOHCH 2 OH3) CH 3 CHO 2)NH 4 OH4) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH

22. Ethers are classes of organic compounds containing the functional group –O- Functional groupGeneral formulaNaming -O-R-O-R`Name must include prefixes for the two hydrocarbon chains Examples CH 3 OCH 3 dimethyl ether CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 methyl ethyl ether

23. To determine if a molecular or structural formula is an ether LOOK for the functional group –O- between the C chains Example Which molecular formula represents a member of the ether family? 1)CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 3) HCHO 2)CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 4) CH 2 (OH) 2

24. Aldehydes are classes of organic compounds that contain the functional group H-C=O Functional groupGeneral FormulaName ending H-C=OR-C(H)=O-al Examples HCHOmethanal CH 3 CH 2 C(=O)Hpropanal

25. To determine the correct name of an aldehyde LOOK for a name ending with –al To determine the correct molecular or structural formula of an aldehyde LOOK for a formula containing H-C=O attached to a hydrocarbon chain Examples Which IUPAC name is an aldehyde? 1)butanol 3) butanal 2)butanoate 4) butanoic Draw a structure that represents an aldehyde.

26. Ketones are classes of organic compounds containing the functional group –C(=O)- Functional GroupGeneral FormulaName ending -C(=O)-R-C(=O)-R`-one Examples CH 3 C(=O)CH 3 propanone (acetone) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C(=O)CH 3 2-pentanone

27. To determine which name is of a ketone LOOK for a name ending with –one To determine or recognize formulas of ketones LOOK for a formula containing –C(=)- Examples Which IUPAC name is of a compound of ketone? 1)Chloropentane3) 3-hexanol 2)Pentanoate4) 3-hexanone Which structure represents a ketone? 1)CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 3 3) CH 3 COOH 2)CH 3 CH 2 OOCH 3 4) CH 3 CH(OH)CH 3

28. Organic acids are classes of organic compounds with the functional group –C(=O)-OH or COOH Ionize (is soluble) in water Weak electrolytes and conduct electricity Same properties of acids Functional GroupGeneral formulaName ending C(=O)-OHR-C(=O)-OH-oic Examples HCOOHmethanoic acid CH 3 COOHethanoic acid

29. To determine which name is of an organic acid LOOK for a name ending with –oic To determine which molecular or structural formula is an organic acid LOOK for a formula containing the –COOH attached to a hydrocarbon chain Examples Which substance is an organic acid? 1)butanoic3) iodomethane 2)methylamine4) heptanone Which molecular formula is an organic acid? 1)CH 3 COCH 3 3) CH 3 CH 2 COOH 2)CH 3 COOCH 3 4) OHCH 2 CH 2 OH

30. Esters are groups of organic compounds that have the functional group –C(=O)-O- Responsible for characteristic smells of fruits and flowers, as well as scents of colognes and perfumes Can be synthesized by combining an organic acid with an alcohol Functional groupGeneral formulaName ending -C(=O)-O-R-C(=O)-O-R-oate Examples CH 3 COOCH 3 methyl ethanoate CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 2 CH 3 ethyl propanoate

31. To determine which name is of an ester LOOK for a name ending with –oate To determine which molecular or structural formula is of an ester LOOK for a formula containing the –C(=O)-O attached to a hydrocarbon chain Practice Which substance is an ester? 1)1,2 ethandiol3) pentanal 2)Ethyl ethanoate4) heptanoic Which formula is of an ester? 1)CH 3 CH 2 COOH3) CH 3 CH 2 CHO 2)CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 4) CH 3 COCH 3

32. Amines are groups f organic compounds that have the functional group –N- Functional groupGeneral FormulaName ending -N-R-N(R`)-R”-amine Examples CH 3 NH 2 methanamine 2-CH 3 CH(NH 2 )CH 2 CH 3 2-butanamine

33. Amides are groups of organic compounds that have the functional group –C(=O)-NH Functional GroupGeneral FormulaName ending -C(=O)-NHR-C(=O)-NH(R`)-amide Example CH 3 CONH 2 ethanamide

34. Amino acids are groups of organic compounds that have the functional group –NH 2 -C-COOH Functional group is composed of an amine group and an acid group Joined together in a polymerization chemical reaction to make proteins A protein can be made with as little as two amino acids but most are composed of 10 or more amino acids in a chain