1. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry

2. What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon and carbon-containing compounds

3. A Review of the Carbon Atom

4. A Review of the Carbon Atom
Forms 4 covalent bonds
Has 4 valence electrons, needs 4 more
Carbon can form single OR multiple covalent bonds with other elements and other carbon atoms

6. Properties of Organic Compounds
most are insoluble in water (generally non-polar)
Remember- likes dissolve likes
most are poor conductors
Weak IMFs, so they have low m.p./b.p.
Tend to have longer reaction times

7. Types of Organic Compounds
Alkanes: contain all single carbon-carbon bonds
Formula: CnH2n+2
Alkenes: contain at least one double carbon-carbon bond
Formula: CnH2n

8. Alkynes: contain at least one triple carbon-carbon bond
CnH2n-2

9. More on Alkanes….

10. Alkanes Can be straight or branched All names of alkanes end in –ane
Are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they contain the max. number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom

11. Straight-Chained Alkanes
Prefixes identify the # of carbon atoms in the chain (use Table P)
Examples:

12. Branched Alkanes -CH3 methyl -CH2CH3 ethyl -CH2CH2CH3 propyl
An atom or a group of atoms that replaces a C-H bond and forms a branch is called an alkyl group
-CH3 methyl
-CH2CH3 ethyl
-CH2CH2CH3 propyl
-CH2CH2CH2CH3 butyl

13. Alkenes
End in –ene
Are unsaturated compounds- do not contain the max. # of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom
Examples:

14. Alkynes
End in –yne
Also unsaturated compounds
Examples:

15. Per. 8 and 6- Monday, 6/1 I will not be after school today
Extra Credit due Friday
Chemistry Calculations WS due Friday (Part 2 #4)
Organic Test next Monday

16. Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and different names
Isomers have different chemical & physical properties
At least 4 carbons must be present in a molecule to have potential isomers

17. 3 Ways to Make an Isomer Make a branch Move a branch
Move a double or triple bond

18. Example 1
Draw 3 isomers of pentane

19. Example 2
Draw 3 isomers of butene

20. Functional Groups (Table R)
Something other than carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound
** Compounds with the same functional group have similar chemical properties

21. 1. Halides
A halogen (group 17 elements such as F, Cl, Br, I) replaces a hydrogen atom in an alkane

22. 2. Alcohols One or more of the H’s is replaced by an –OH group
“-e” ending on hydrocarbon is replaced by “-ol”
Remember: alcohols are NOT bases, they are covalent molecules

23. 3. Ethers look for -O- bridging two hydrocarbon chains
Name pieces on either side of O and end with ether

24. 4. Aldehydes
Double bonded oxygen and a hydrogen off the end of a carbon chain
**Ending: drop the –e and add –al
No need for a number

25. 5. Ketones Double-bonded oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain
Drop the –e and add –one
Number position of the oxygen

26. 6. Organic Acid COOH group at the end of a chain
**Ending: drop the –e and add –oic acid
No need for a number

27. 7. Ester
-COO- group in the middle of a chain
Change ending to -oate

28. 8. Amines -NH2 group added to a carbon chain
Drop the –e and add –amine
Add number for which C atom contains the amine

29. 9. Amides -CONH2 group at the end of a chain
Ending: drop the –e and add –amide