1. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 10.5 Functional Groups 1

2. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Elements in Organic Compounds In organic molecules, carbon atoms bond with four bonds mostly with H and other C atoms sometimes to O, N, S sometimes to halogens F, Cl, and Br 2

3. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Elements in Organic Compounds 3

4. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Groups Functional groups are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way composed of an atom or group of atoms groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the corresponding alkane a way to classify families of organic compounds 4

5. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkynes contain a triple bond. Aromatic compounds contain a ring of six carbon atoms called benzene. 5

6. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Comparing Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 6

7. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check 7 Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne, or aromatic compound. A. B. C.

8. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution 8 Identify the following compounds as an alkene, alkyne or aromatic compound. A.aromatic B.alkene C.alkyne

9. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (−OH) functional group. A thiol contains the thiol (−SH) functional group. An ether contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms (C  O  C) functional group. 9

10. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom. The carbonyl carbon is attached to a hydrogen. In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group (C=O) is attached to two carbon atoms. 10

11. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Carboxylic Acids and Esters Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.  COOH An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms.  COOCH 3 11

12. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Amines have a functional group that contains a nitrogen atom are derivatives of ammonia, NH 3, in which one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced with carbons 12

13. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Amides have an amine group instead of an  OH group on the carbonyl carbon are an important biological functional group, the simplest amide being urea 13

14. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Organic Compounds 14

15. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide. A. B. C. D. E. 15

16. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Classify each of the following as an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or amide. A. B. C. D. E. 16 alcohol ether amine carboxylic acid ester

17. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Concept Map – Organic Compounds 17