European statebuilding

Essential questions How did absolutism contribute to civil unrest?

Spain Philip II becomes king of Spain and Netherlands Also inherits colonies in New World Spain gains wealth through imports from Americas Gold, silver, etc Philip is devout Catholic=Spain is Catholic nation Reconquista: drive Muslims from Spain Spanish Armada is strongest navy in the world Defeated when it tries to fight England and Netherlands The more silver in the market, the less it is worth By expelling Muslims and Jews, Spain loses many artisans Calvinists in the Netherlands revolt Become independent under Treaty of Westphalia

absolutism Absolute monarchy: king or queen holding all power within state boundaries, control all aspects of society Divine right: God created the monarchy, the monarch acts as God’s representative on Earth Causes for increasing power to monarchs Decline of feudalism Rise of cities Growth of national kingdoms Growing middle class (relies on king) Church authority breaks down

france Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) Gives up protestantism, becomes Catholic Edict of Nantes: Huguenots can live in peace, set up own houses of worship, religious toleration Uses peace, finances to rebuild France Cardinal Richelieu Rules France for Louis XIII Leader of French Catholic church, rules on morals Moves against Huguenots, weakens nobles power, attacks Hapsburgs of Holy Roman Empire (Thirty-Years War)

France Louis XIV “I am the state” At first shared rule with Cardinal Mazarin Mazarin hated by people for increasing taxes, lead to revolts Louis weakens power of nobles Spends abundance of money to be best in France “The Sun King” Listens to requests of people while getting dressed Houses nobles in his palace at Versailles Tries to expand boundaries of France War of Spanish Succession

Thirty years war Lutherans vs. Calvinists vs. Catholics German Lutherans fight Spanish Catholics and Dutch Calvinists Peace of Westphalia Swiss Confederacy Dutch states Ruler decides what religion is practiced in his state

russia Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Fights for power against landowning nobles called boyars Crowns himself czar/tsar (caesar) Rules by terror Succeeded by Michael Romanov Peter the Great Eastern Orthodox Christianity Absolute ruler “Westernizes” Russia St. Petersburg

england James I rules after Elizabeth I (her cousin) Angers Parliament over finances Charles I takes over after James’ death Asks for war money from Parliament who refuses; he dissolves Parliament Parliament issues Petition of Right, Charles agrees but ignores No imprisonment without due cause No taxes without Parliamentary consent No quartering of troops No martial law in peace To go around Parliament, he taxes citizens Leads to English Civil War

england Oliver Cromwell Charles II James II Victory in English Civil War Becomes ruler of England, not a king; later becomes dictator Rules as a Puritan (no dancing, drinking, theater, etc) Charles II Takes over after Cromwell’s death Improves England, gives more rights to common people James II Catholic king in Protestant nation Army brought to England by William and Mary (Neth), James flees (known as Glorious Revolution)

england William and Mary Recognizes Parliament as partner in governing Constitutional Monarchy: laws limit ruler’s power Bill of Rights No suspending laws of Parliament No levying taxes without permission from Parliament Freedom of Speech Cabinet: group of government ministers to are go-between between Parliament and monarchs