PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT: USE We use it to talk about things that happened before a certain event in the past. Therefore it is called “the past of the past”. Example: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. (=Paul leaving the party took place before Sarah’s arrival)

PAST PERFECT: USE If the sequence of events in the past is clear, we do not usually use the Past Perfect but rather the Simple past tense. Example: Last night I had a shower and went straight to bed. (=it’s obvious that taking a shower took place before going to bed, but it is not necessary to describe the first action by using the Past Perfect (I had had a shower))

PAST PERFECT: FORM S + HAD + P.P + R To form this tense: Example: Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

PAST PERFECT: Negative FORM To form this tense: S + HAD+ NOT + P.P + R Example: He had not gone home when I went to meet him.

PAST PERFECT: Interrogative Form To form this tense: HAD + S + P.P + R Example: Had you ever visited London before you went there in 2009?

PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS With the Past Perfect we use many of the same time words that we use with the Present Perfect: for They had been in Germany for weeks. since They had been in Germany since February. already She had already washed the dishes. recently I had recently visited my grandparents,

PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS We also use the following words and phrases: by/ by the time By the time I answered the phone, it had stopped ringing. By 7 p.m. it had gotten dark outside. when When I got out of the bathroom, the film had already finished.

PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS before / never ... before Jason was very nervous. He had never flown before. as soon as As soon as the guests had left I did the washing-up., etc.

1. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE CORRECT VERB FORM. 1. John felt sick. He ____________ (eat) too many sweets. 2. Sheila wasn’t at home. She ____________ (go) out. 3. Julia was feeling depressed. Her boyfriend ____________ (leave) her. 4. I have to buy a new vase. Somebody ______________ (break) the old one. had eaten had gone had left had broken

1. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE CORRECT VERB FORM. 5. The house looked terrible. Lisa _________________ (not clean) it in a long time. 6. I didn’t know Jack. We _____________ (not meet) before. 7. My feet hurt so much this morning. I _______________ (dance) all evening. 8. The boy _____________ (fall) off his scooter. hadn’t cleaned hadn’t met had danced had fallen

2. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE PAST SIMPLE OR THE PAST PERFECT. I _______________ (forget) to take my mobile phone so I _______________ (not call) you. There _____________ (be) no milk in the fridge because my mum ________________ (not buy) it. When we ______________ (get) home last night, somebody ______________ (break) into our flat. We ______________ (not be) hungry because we _________________ (just, have) lunch. had forgotten didn’t call was hadn’t bought got had broken weren’t had just had

2. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE PAST SIMPLE OR THE PAST PERFECT. She ____________ (speak) French because she _______________ (study) it in Paris before moving to London. I _____________ (know) her as a child but I _______________(not recognise) her after all those years. After they _____________ (write) their homework, the kids ______________ (watch) some cartoons on TV. Jack ____________ (refuse) to admit he ____________ (make) a mistake. spoke had studied had known didn’t recognise had written watched refused had made