The Scientific Revolution applied to Human Society 1670-1776 The Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution applied to Human Society 1670-1776

Application of Science and Reason If Newton could discover laws to explain the workings of the universe, why not use the scientific method to uncover laws about humankind? Development of “Social Sciences”

Early “Social Scientists” Thomas Hobbes (English) Observed European society and history and concluded: people inherently selfish, evil people left to themselves would cause chaos/disorder/anarchy The people contracted with government (social contract) by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society The best type of government that provided organized society was an absolute monarchy Once this contract was entered, it was irrevocable. (marriage) Order for the sake of order (enforced order/ obedience)

Early “Social Scientists” John Locke (1690) Agreed with Hobbes that the purpose of government was to create order Contract: binding agreement between two equal parties--each rendering a service beneficial to the other. Rulers can stay in power as long as they had the consent of the governed If the ruler becomes a tyrant, the people have the right to rebel Order for the sake of the people

Early “Social Scientists” Locke (continued) People inherently good (reflection of Judeo-Christian beliefs) God created man in His image and likeness. Genesis Thus they deserved natural rights (rights that belong to each human, given by God, from birth to death): life, liberty, property Government was responsible for protecting those rights, not taking them away

Philosophes Believed in the application of science and reason to social thought Believed in Locke’s treatises: Natural Rights, Responsibility of Government Natural rights: Religious belief, Press, end of slavery, encouraged education

Philosophes Montesquieu: Impressed with the English system (Parliament) Observed three branches of government (Executive, Legislative, Judiciary) Encouraged separation of powers/checks and balances maintained proper social contract Insured liberty No branch more powerful than another

Philosophes Voltaire The best way to ensure the natural rights of the people was through “enlightened monarchs” Kings/Queens who studied science, the science of government and used these to protect natural rights of the subjects Believed that people had the right of free and open speech (ideas should be accepted or rejected on the merit of their scientific merit-rationality) Believed that there should be separation between the state/government and religion (based upon the Catholic and Protestant abuses—religious wars).

Philosophes Jean Jacques Rousseau: “Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains” Believed that all men are born free and equal Titles of rank and nobility corrupted humankind Envisaged a society where people gave up freedom not to a monarch, but to each other in favor of the common good (good for the whole). Government based on majority rule through consensus (agreement despite differences) community made decisions through vote (Republic)

All About the Enlightenment

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Foundations of the Enlightenment Impacts of the Enlightenment Bacon and Descartes: Reason and Logic Growth of Secular Ideas: Importance of Education Isaac Newton: Natural Law Belief in Progress: Enlightenment Thought American and French Revolutions :Independence Movements Hobbes and Rousseau: Perception of Mankind Declaration of Independence Rights of Man and Citizen, Growth of Individualism John Locke: Natural Rights Life, Liberty and Property Voltaire: Religious Tolerance Free Speech US Bill of Rights and Enlightened Monarchies Montesquieu: Separation of Powers US, French, Latin American Constitutions

Foundations of the______________ Impacts of the ______________

Scientific Revolution World History Connections Middle Ages Causes Effects Renaissance Causes Effects Reformation Causes Effects Scientific Revolution Causes Effects Age of Exploration Causes Effects Enlightenment Causes Effects

Middle Ages Causes: Fall of Roman Empire Disorder/Chaos