Nationalist Revolutions Chapter 8 Nationalist Revolutions

Latin American Revolutions Revolution in Haiti It was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European control. It was basically a slave revolt Toussaint L’ Ouverture led the revolt January 1, 1804-it was declared an independent country Jean-Jacques Dessalines took up the fight for Toussaint L’Ouverture

Hispaniola Hispaniola is made up of Haiti and the Dominican Republic…..

Latin American Colonial Society Peninsulares-Men who were born in Spain, and held high political offices. In this way, Spain was able to keep the loyalty of its colonial leaders. Creoles-Spaniards born in Latin America, and they had limited political power, but they did have military power. Mestizos-Persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry. Mulattos-Persons of mixed European and African ancestry Africans Indians or Natives Indians were of very little value to the Spaniards, and were severely oppressed.

Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” Venezuelan Creole Brilliant General Venezuela and Colombia Wrote Bolivia’s Constitution “I will not rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to the will of Spain”

Jose de San Martin Latin American Revolutionary 1816-Argentina declared its independence from Spain San Martin and Bolivar will join forces in Latin America San Martin is considered to be the liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru San Martin dies in Europe

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule In Mexico, Indians and Mestizos played the leading role. Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos were key revolutionaries . In 1821, Mexico declares its independence from Spain.

Independence in Brazil After Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil. Brazil served as the capital of the Portuguese empire for 14 years. 1822-creoles demanded independence from Portugal. After 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition, Dom Pedro agreed to rule, and he officially declared Brazil’s independence. Brazil is independent…bloodless revolution!

Revolutions Disrupt Europe Radicals, Liberals, and Conservatives contribute to a new movement-Nationalism Language, Religion, Culture, History, Territory…. Nationalism is the belief that one should be loyal to a nation of people who share a common history and culture. Nation-state-a nation has its own independent government. 1848 Revolutions-considered failures..increased nationalistic tensions.

Unification of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini organized Young Italy-he wanted to free Italy from foreign rulers. Count Cavour unified northern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi unified southern Italy “The Red Shirts” The area around Rome was the last to join the “unified” Italy. Italy faced political instability and economic problems

Unification in Germany Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik-”the politics of reality” Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in German unification. 1871-German Unification is achieved. King Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser. Germans called this the Second Reich. Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe by “blood and iron”

Revolution in the Arts Romanticism-feelings, thoughts, and emotions Romantics rejected the rigid, orderly world Focus on the imagination and the supernatural Cherished Folk Traditions Beethoven-Romantic Composer The Brothers Grimm Emily Bronte-Wuthering Heights Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Shift to Realism Industrialization……….huge impact on everyday life in Europe-show life the way it really is… Paintings showed images of real working people. Charles Dickens-see p. 243 The first practical photographs were called .......daguerreotypes William Talbot-invented a type of light sensitive paper that could be used to produce many prints from one negative. Photography was the art of the new industrial age.

Impressionists React Against Realism

Characteristics of Impressionism Artists wanted to give their impression of a subject or a moment of time. The used bright, shimmering colors to capture a moment seen at a glance. Impressionists showed a more positive view of the new urban society in Europe. Edouard Manet Claude Monet Pierre-Auguste Renoir