Classification EQ: How have new discoveries helped us to redefine the relationships among organisms?

Review – Darwin Evolution Overproduction of Offspring More offspring are born than can survive 2. Inherited Variation Difference in phenotype of population 3. Struggle to Survive Competition for resources cause by Overpopulation / Environmental pressure 4. Differential Reproductive Success Organisms with better adaptive trait will survive and pass on its genes.

Why do we classify organisms? To allows scientists to identify, group, and name organisms via a standardized system (Linnaeus Taxonomy) Classification changes as more information is gathered.

How do we classify organism? organize creatures by structure & function organize them into groups of closely related creatures. Similarities in structures, molecular (DNA/RNA) comparison

Classification System: taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Can you create a pneumonic device? Carolus Linnaeus

Methods of Classification : Carolus Linnaeus Developed the modern system of taxonomic classification needed to be able to communicate with scientists from all over the world Latin was adopted because: The root of all languages A dead language (not spoken by anyone as a normal dialect).

Methods of Classification Binomial Nomenclature : All living organisms, plant, animal and those in between, are classified down to just two names: Genus = generic Species = specific roughly translates to mean “two names.” Example: Homo sapien or Homo sapien

Classification 2 Domains, 6 Kingdoms Domain: Prokaryotes Eukaryote Prokaryote 2 Domains, 6 Kingdoms Domain: Prokaryotes No separate organelles in their cells (no nucleus) Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Domain: Eukaryotes Separate organelles in their cells (nucleus) Kingdoms: Protists, Plants Fungi, Animals

Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Kingdom Protist Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria Eukaryotes

Domain: Prokaryote includes… Kingdom: EuBacteria Kingdom: Archaebacteria one-celled organisms no nucleus or membrane organelles have cell membrane have DNA most common form of life on Earth incredible number of different kinds Ancient bacteria live in extreme environments high heat high salt the most ancient creatures living on Earth today

Domain Eukaryote includes… Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Protista Eukaryotic: unicellular (Simple with no organized tissue) Most live in water but some live in soil and the human body; Mobil Categories: Plant like – photosynthetic Animal like – heterotrophic Fungus like – decomposers Usually asexual reproduction ex: Amoeba, paramecium, mold

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Multicellular (Organized into tissues) Not generally mobile Autotrophic (create own energy) Photosynthetic –Get energy from the sun and take in nutrients from their surroundings (Contain chloroplasts) Most reproduce from seeds (sexual); some Asexually Ex. Ferns, Sunflowers Cell walls made of cellulose

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Fungi Most are multicellular and some are unicellular organisms Not organized into tissues Cell walls make of Chitin Heterotrophic - Get nutrients and energy by absorbing/ digesting the surface they live on Most reproduce by spores Mushrooms, yeast

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia Multicellular , organized tissue Heterotrophic - Get nutrients and energy by eating other organisms Produce eggs as a way to reproduce (sexual reproduction) Some eggs develop inside the mother's body, and some develop outside the mother's body. Ex. Humans, birds, snakes

Methods of Classification The evolutionary history of an organism. Cladogram or phylogenic tree It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups A clade or branch will share derived characteristics A derived characteristic is a feature that evolved only within the group of organisms Evidence of a common ancestor Phylogeny: c c

Example of a Cladogram

The phylogenetic tree to the right shows a few of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. What is the common ancestor of all organisms shown on this tree? Protists Are the Cnidarians more closely related to the sponges or to the comb jellies (Ctenophores)? The Ctenophores What is the closest relative to the Rotifers? Roundworms What does a branch point represent? The last common ancestor shared by two or more organisms.

All the animals to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of fur claws or nails lungs jaws

Classifications Web quest C- none, this is independent H- ask three before me A- complete the web-quest on classzone.com M- remain seated, walking around will result in a strike. P- complete your paper copy of the web-quest, you do not need to fill out the online questions.

Clear your desk of everything except DO NOW Exit ticket Clear your desk of everything except DO NOW