1. KINGDOMS OF LIFE
Taxonomy

2. TAXONOMY: the science of classification
Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

3. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

4. Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS
PLANTS
ANIMALS
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
In Water
In the Air
On Land

5. Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

6. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming system
Genus - first word
Species - second word
Describes a characteristic of the organism
Latin is the language used (some Greek)
(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

7. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM – largest group
PHYLUM
CLASS
0RDER
FAMILY
GENUS SPECIES
Species: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

8. HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES
BREEDING BEHAVIOR
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS
BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA
PHYLOGENY
PHYLOGENY - EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
CLADISTICS - INHERITED TRAITS FROM ANCESTORS
CLADISTICS
MODE OF NUTRITION
PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE

9. Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands

10. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
ANIMALS
PLANTS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA

11. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Eukaryotes Multicellular Cell membranes
Ingestive heterotrophs
Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm
Found everywhere

12. KINGDOM PLANTAE Eukaryotes Multicellular
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores
Found on all types of land

13. KINGDOM FUNGI Eukaryotes Multicellular (most)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark environments

14. KINGDOM PROTISTA Eukaryotes Unicellular or multicellular
Plantlike (algae) – cell walls, animal-like (protozoans) – cell membranes
Heterotrophs (protozoans) Autotrophs (algae)
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats

15. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Cell walls
Heterotrophs and/or autotrophs
Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:
1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)
2. Salty brines (Halophiles)
3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

16. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Prokaryotes Unicellular Cell walls
Binary fission and/or conjugation
Some are:
1. Parasites
2. Saprophytes (saprobes)
3. Autotrophs
Live everywhere

17. THE END!