Respiratory Tract Gas Exchange Breathing Disease Respiratory System

Respiratory Tract Nasal (or oral) cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchiole Alveoli

Gas Exchange Oxygen goes into the blood vessel. Carbon dioxide (a waste product) leaves the blood vessel into the alveolus.

Nasal Cavity 3 main functions: Cleans the air – nostrils contain tiny hairs that trap dirt particles Warms the air – capillaries carrying warm blood Moistens the air – membranes that secretes mucus

Pharynx (throat) & Epiglottis The place where the nasal cavity, oral cavity esophagus (digestive tract) and larynx (respiratory tract) meet Epiglottis is the door that allows food to go down the esophagus (digestive tract) and air down the trachea (respiratory tract) https://www.cdli.ca/courses/biol2201/unit03_org03_ilo02/8_12_cap.jpg

Larynx (voice box) Houses the vocal cords Vibrations of the cords produces sound

Larynx (voice box) http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/309652/530wm/P4960012-Resting_larynx-SPL.jpg

Trachea (windpipe) Composed of cartilage (soft bone) Helps maintains rigidity to prevent the respiratory passage from collapsing

Trachea (windpipe) Lined with ciliated epithelial cells Cells secrete mucus which traps foreign particles Cilia brush the mucus up the respiratory tract We sneeze or cough to expel mucus that has trapped foreign particles

Bronchi The trachea branches into 2 bronchi leading to the left and right lung Bronchi branch into smaller bronchiole eventually ending at the alveoli Structures are reinforced with cartilage

Alveoli Spherical hollow cavities increase surface area Walls are only 1 cell thick making it easy for rapid diffusion Capillaries line the alveoli for gas exchange

Breathing Process Inhalation: taking air into the lungs Exhalation: breathing out air Muscles Diaphragm (between lung and stomach) Ribcage muscles

Breathing

Breathing Process Rib Muscles Cage Diaphragm Volume Internal Pressure Air Inhalation Contract Expand (up and out) (moves down) Flattens Increase Decrease Moves in Exhalation Relax Reduce (down and in) (moves up) Dome-shaped Moves out

Respiratory Diseases Laryngitis Bronchitis Asthma Pneumonia Emphysema Turberculosis (TB) SARS

Laryngitis Inflammation of the vocal cords. Caused by overuse, irritation, infection

Bronchitis Inflammation of bronchi. Caused by: Microorganisms: virus, bacteria Environment: pollution, dust, smoke Irritation causes bronchi to swell.

Bronchitis Cilia immobilized Respiratory passage clog with debris Heavy mucus formed resulting in a cough http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/acutebronchitis1.jpg?9d7bd4

Asthma Chronic, inflammatory disease resulting in obstructed airflow. Inflammation and swelling of bronchiole walls produces extra mucus Constriction of muscles around bronchiole

Asthma http://www.h2oclinic.ca/image/image_gallery?uuid=493f1463-6906-44b4-b518-8a4c0ad01456&groupId=11922&t=1318259516955

Asthma Allergies and air pollution can trigger asthma. Condition is usually reversible Short term treatment: puffers that contain bronchiodilators Long term treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-allergy shots

Pneumonia Infection of the lungs, leading to fluid in the alveoli. Caused by a microorganism Treated with antibiotics

Smoking Injures the cilia of the trachea so that they cannot remove foreign particles as effectively. Tar, a black sticky sooty material, a by-product of burning tobacco, coats the lungs. Key cause of lung cancer.

Emphysema Alveoli become brittle Alveoli walls fuse together Reduces the surface area for gas exchange Lung loses elasticity

Tuberculosis (TB) Infectious disease caused by a bacteria that grows in the lung Conceptual image of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria on a cellular surface http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/143129/530wm/C0080175-Conceptual_image_of_TB_bacteria-SPL.jpg

Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms are general: fever, cough, chest pain, tiredness Bacteria can remain dormant in body for decades and can also recur in patients who have had TB before Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab . Coloured X-ray (front view) of the chest in a 50 year old male patient, showing fibrosis in the lungs from old tuberculosis (orange, at upper left) and an infection of new tuberculosis (green, at right). TB can recur at periods when the patient's immune system is weakened.

Tuberculosis (TB) Chest x-ray of a 25 year old male patient with TB. Lung (dark areas) show grainy white patches which are the affected areas. http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/415340/530wm/C0103593-Tuberculosis,_X-ray-SPL.jpg

SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome Epidemic gripped Toronto in 2003 Spread from a region in China 44 deaths in Canada of 438 cases

SARS Outbreak http://tnpgallery.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/sars-outbreak.jpg

SARS Symptoms: flu like, high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, exhaustion Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab