1. Respiratory System
Works with CV system to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
Internal Respiration: AKA cellular respiration; Carbon dioxide leaves body cells and enters blood while oxygen from blood passes into cells
External Respiration: exchange of air between the lungs and atmosphere; exchange of oxygen in the lungs with carbon dioxide in the pulmonary capillaries

2. Respiratory System Upper tract Lower tract Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx
Epiglottis
Lower tract
Trachea
Bronchi (Bronchus)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs

3. Respiratory System Accessory Parts Pulmonary capillaries Mediastinum
Pleura
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles

4. Respiratory System Nasal cavity: air enters the respiratory tract
Pharynx: “throat;” muscular tube that serves as a passageway for air
Larynx: “voice box;” found in a part of pharynx; responsible for sound production; links pharynx and trachea
Epiglottis: on top of larynx to seal off air passage to lungs during swallowing
Trachea: “windpipe;” traps unwanted particles and moves them into pharynx; made of cartilage
Bronchi: made of cartilage; trachea branches to form two bronchi

5. Respiratory System Bronchioles: further branching of bronchi
Alveoli: tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen diffuses into blood
Pulmonary capillaries: adjacent to alveoli; carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and into alveoli
Mediastinum: space between right and left lungs containing the heart, aorta, esophagus and bronchi
Pleura: membrane that envelops the lungs
Diaphragm: produces pressure differential for ventilation
Intercostal muscles: elevates and lowers the rib cage

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7. Common Disorders
Pleural Effusion: excess of fluid in the pleural cavity (space between the pleura of the lungs); seen with heart failure, liver disease (ascites), infections in the lungs and trauma
Pneumonia: inflammatory disease of the lung caused most often by bacteria, a virus or aspiration; s/s cough, chest pain, SOB; can rapidly change from mild (walking) to severe
Tuberculosis: bacterial infection that spreads between people through the air and in the body through the blood and lymph; develops slowly and causes encased lesions; it may lie dormant in the body but in an active state can cause death

8. Common Disorders
Influenza: acute, viral infection; Types A and B associated with epidemics; s/s cough, fever, chills, headache and muscle pain
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): chronic partial obstruction of the airways
Asthma: chronic inflammation of the airways often characterized by acute “attacks” that may be triggered by outside irritants;
Chronic bronchitis: inflammation of bronchi caused by a smoking or pollution that results in swelling of mucosa and a heavy cough; acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus or bacteria
Emphysema: chronic condition in which the alveoli lose elasticity disrupting air exchange in the lungs; often associated with long time heavy smoking