1. The Respiratory System

2. To Review… Cellular Respiration is…
A set of chemical reactions that release energy from food molecules
aerobic – uses oxygen & releases 36 ATPs
anaerobic – does not use oxygen & releases
only 2 ATPs (per molecule of glucose)

3. The Human Respiratory System…
FUNCTION: a network of passages that allow gases to pass from the external environment to the internal surfaces of the lungs

4. Organization of the Respiratory System
Nostrils #1
Nasal Cavity #2
Pharynx (throat) #3
Epiglottis #4
Larynx (voicebox) #5
Esophagus #6
Trachea (windpipe) #7
Lung #8
Bronchi #10
Bronchioles #11
Diaphragm #12
Alveoli #13
Alveolus (air sac) #14

5. Nasal Cavity - exposed to air through nostrils
- lined with cilia (minute hairs) & mucous membranes which filter, warm & moisten air

6. Nasal Cavity

7. Pharynx (throat) Where the oral and nasal cavity meet
Contains the LARYNX –vocal cords
(laryngitis is when you lose your voice)
(sometimes it protrudes as the Adams apple)
Larynx Video

8. Trachea (windpipe) Kept open by rings of cartilage
Cilia and mucus line the trachea & trap microscopic particles
Cigarette smoke & other pollutants interfere with the cilia
Food is prevented from entering by the epiglottis

10. A laryngectomy may result from laryngeal cancer, so…
DON’T SMOKE!

11. Bronchi 2 main branches of the trachea
Lined with mucus and ringed with cartilage

12. Bronchioles Many subdivisions (branches) of the bronchi
Lined with mucus
NO rings of cartilage
(during asthma these close up causing wheezing)

14. Alveoli (air sacs)
respiratory surface where O2 and CO2 are exchanged through diffusion
at the ends of the bronchioles
Thin and moist
Surrounded by capillaries
Oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli
CO2 leaves the capillaries and enters the alveoli to be exhaled

15. Video
Gas Exchange
CO2 Transport

19. Lungs
Spongy tissue including bronchioles and all alveoli!

20. Diaphragm Muscle that separates the thorax and the abdomen
Contracts and flattens when you inhale
Relaxes and curves up when you exhale
Breathing Video
Why Do We Yawn? - YouTube

21. Rib Cage Muscles & Chest cavity
Inhaling – rib cage (intercostal) muscles contract and chest cavity enlarges (lowering pressure in the lungs so air rushes in)
Exhaling – rib cage muscles relax and compressed air is exhaled

22. What controls your breathing rate?
breathing rate is regulated by the concentration of CO2 and its effect on the medulla (part of the brain)
increased CO medulla causes increase in breathing rate

24. Dog hiccups??

25. Malfunctions of the Respiratory System…

26. 1. Pneumonia effect: Fluid develops in the alveoli
cause: bacteria or viral infection which persists when immune system is compromised
symptoms: fever, chills, fatigue & excessive cough with mucus
treatments: antibiotics &rest,
wash hands often
Video

27. 2. Bronchitis video effect: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
cause: cigarette smoke, air pollution, dust, toxic gases, viruses
symptoms: cough, mild
fever, tiredness, wheezing
treatments: avoid
irritants, drink liquids,
rest

28. 3. Asthma
VIDEO
effect: muscular walls of the bronchioles contract and constrict, excess mucus is produced
cause: triggered by an allergic response or excess smoke, dust, or stress
symptoms: Difficulty breathing, chronic cough
treatments: Inhaler or
nebulizer, anti- inflammatory drugs

29. 4. Emphysema
VIDEO
effect: the breakdown of alveoli walls and loss of elasticity of lungs
cause: 80% of cases due to smoking, air pollution
symptoms: chronic cough,
shortness of breath
treatments: no cure!
oxygen therapy,
stop smoking to slow
progression

32. How are the respiratory systems of the following organisms different from that of humans?
-Birds
-Fish
-Insects