1. RESPIRATION Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)
Diffusion through a thin moist membrane
Nose:
2 nostrils
Air warmed and filtered
Cilia and mucus

2. Pharynx: Trachea: Bronchi: Lungs: Throat Rings of cartilage; windpipe
Epiglottis: flap over opening
Larynx: voice box holding vocal cords
“Adam’s Apple”: large piece of cartilage; result of testosterone
Bronchi:
Right Bronchus: shorter, wider, straighter than the left
Lungs:
Covered by pleura (slimy covering)

3. Bronchioles: Alveoli: Little branches of bronchi
Air sacs surrounded by capillaries; increased surface area;
Look like bunches of grapes; thin walls (diffusion)
1 million in each lung

4. Mechanics of Respiration:
Diaphragm:
thin, flat muscle between the thorax
and the abdomen; connected to the
medulla (brain) by the phrenic nerve
Inhalation:
Diaphragm contracts and flattens; Ribs out/up; Chest cavity enlarges (Vol. Up/Pressure down); O2 moves into lungs
Exhalation:
Diaphragm relaxes into upside down U; Intercostal muscles pull ribs together; Chest cavity smaller (Vol. Down/ Pressure up); CO2 moves out

5. Chemistry of Respiration:
Transportation of O2:
Hemoglobin + O2 as … Oxyhemoglobin
Transportation of CO2:
CO2 + H2O as …. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
External Respiration: between the alveoli and the blood
Internal Respiration: between blood and cells

6. Respiratory Problems:
Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx
Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi
Pneumonia: fluid in the alveoli
Emphysema: collapse of the alveoli
Asthma: constriction of the bronchioles
Hiccups: spasms of the diaphragm
Sneeze: irritation in the nasal passages
Cough: irritation in the lower respiratory tract
Lung Cancer: tumors/related to smoking