Organic Chemistry Macromolecules

Compounds that are derived from living things are called __________ compounds. All organic compounds contain the element ___________. Compounds that are not derived from living things are called _____________ compounds. organic carbon inorganic

Carbon is important in living organisms because it can form ______ different bonds on each atom. It can form _________________________ bonds and these bonds can create long __________________. four single, double, and triple chains and rings

A macromolecule is a large molecule and is also called a __________ A macromolecule is a large molecule and is also called a __________. A polymer is made formed when many smaller molecules or ___________ bond together. polymer monomers

The process that forms polymers is called ________________ and happens when a water molecule is removed from two monomers. polymerization

Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H H2O HO H

The process that breaks down polymers into monomers is called ___________ and happens when a water molecule is added back to the polymer. hydrolysis

Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H

The four macromolecules found in organisms are: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates _______________ are the main energy source for our bodies. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of C-H-O in a carbohydrate is 1:2:1. Ex-C6H12O6 The monomers of carbohydrates are called ___________________ or _______________. monosaccharides simple sugars

There are three main types of carbohydrates. _________________ are single sugars or simple sugars. Ex- glucose, galactose, fructose ______________ are double sugars or a combination of two monosaccharides. Ex-________(table sugar) is glucose + fructose ________(milk sugar) is glucose + galactose monosaccharides disaccharides sucrose lactose

Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars combined together Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars combined together. Ex- _________ in plants and _________ in animals. cellulose glycogen

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose

Lipids ______ are macromolecules that also contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly called ____________________. Lipids are used for long term energy storage in living things as well as insulation, shock absorbers and protective coatings. The monomers of lipids are ________________________________________ fats, oils and waxes three fatty acid chains and one glycerol

Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = = H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

There are two types of fatty acids that are found in lipids There are two types of fatty acids that are found in lipids. _________ fatty acids are derived from animals and are solid at room temperature. They form more ______ bonds in their chains. ___________ _fatty acids are derived from plants and are liquid at room temperature. They form more _______ bonds in their chains. Saturated single Unsaturated double

Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = unsaturated

Proteins are macromolecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They form __________________________________ _________________________. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. The bonds in between amino acids that hold them together are called ________ bonds. tissues, organs, hair, skin, scales, hooves and fingernails peptide

Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

Enzymes _________ are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in your body. They are _________. catalysts

13. The molecule that the enzymes is called the _________ 13. The molecule that the enzymes is called the _________. The enzyme will change shape so that the substrate can be broken down into its component parts more easily. The enzyme is not affected and can be used again on the same type of substrate. Each enzyme fits specifically to one type of substrate. substrate

Enzymes and the molecules that they act upon fit together like a “_____________”. The _________ is the lock and the __________ is the key. lock and key enzyme substrate

Nucleic acids ______________ are polymers that have nucleotides as their monomers. Ex-DNA and RNA Nucleotides are composed of a ________________________________________________. 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base

Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose)

DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

DNA and RNA control the production of ________ in your body DNA and RNA control the production of ________ in your body. They hold all the information to pass traits from one ___________ to the next. proteins generation