1. What is Carbon? How much carbon do we have in our bodies?

3. All living things on Earth contain carbon. But, what is carbon
All living things on Earth contain carbon. But, what is carbon? Why is it important?

4. Carbon is found all over the Earth. It is an element
Carbon is found all over the Earth It is an element. It is in the air, in the ocean, in the Earth’s crust. If carbon is mixed with other elements you get; limestone, chalk, marble, coal, gas, alcohol, sugars, fats, and even medicines. The black stuff in your pencil, graphite, is carbon. Diamonds are 100% pure carbon. Your body even contains carbon, the same stuff from which diamonds are made! Carbon is inside of us, outside of us, and right now you are breathing out carbon (in the form of a gas: carbon dioxide). Carbon is everywhere.

5. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas found in our atmosphere (the air surrounding the Earth). It is colorless and odorless.

6. People and animals all contain carbon
People and animals all contain carbon. We get our carbon from eating plants or other animals. We breathe in oxygen and then we breathe out carbon dioxide. (CO2)

7. Like people and animals, fish and other sea creatures breathe in oxygen. Their oxygen is found in the oceans water. Just like animals and people, they also breathe out CO2 (carbon dioxide).

8. Plants get carbon by taking carbon dioxide out of the air or water
Plants get carbon by taking carbon dioxide out of the air or water. All green plants breathe, except they breathe in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

9. Macromolecules with carbon

10. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

11. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

12. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

13. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

14. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H
H2O HO H

15. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

16. Answer: Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H
H2O HO H

17. Carbohydrates

18. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide

19. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose
glucose

20. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

21. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose

22. Lipids

23. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides

24. Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated

25. Proteins

26. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

27. Nucleic Acids

28. Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.