Basic Elements of Explosion Protection in the EU Legislative Context

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Elements of Explosion Protection in the EU Legislative Context ATEX Symposium 22 – 24 Eylül 2011, Ankara, Türkiye Dr.-Ing. Uwe Klausmeyer Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig, Germany

The ATEX Regulation EU Directives of the „New Approach“ Legislative Framework, consisting of: - 94/9/EC (trade of equipment, ESRs) - 1999/92/EC (safety of workplace)

Accident in Oppau, Germany

Accident in Buncefield‚UK, 2005

Buncefield, 2005

Buncefield, 2005

Accident at INEOS near Cologne, Germany 17th of March, 2008 Has set fire to a methylacetate tank Pipeline of Ethylene is burning

Explosion protection Avoid concurrence: - Oxygen (air) !!! Inertization - Ignition source !!! Elimination - Combustibles (gas, vapour, dust) !!! Ventilation

Spread of gases Convection Buoyancy Lighter than air Heavier than air

Spread of liquids, leakages Gas Gasoline

Combustible liquids 5 ml gasoline is enough to produce 200 l of explosive atmosphere, which can destroy a barrel! Formation of highly flammable vapour/ air mixture can occur when handling with even small amounts of break cleaners!

Spread of combustible dusts Dust layers with a thickness of 1 mm can be enough to produce explosive atmospheres!

Critical concentration of Flammable substances (safety characteristics) If the concentration is too high (rich mixture) or too low (lean mixture), no explosion occurs. Instead, there is just a steady-state combustion reaction or none at all. It is only in the range between the lower and upper explosion limit that the mixture reacts explosively when ignited. The explosion limits depend on the ambient pressure and the proportion of oxygen in the air

Influence of concentration

Ignition sources – EN 1127-1 Ignition of an explosive atmosphere can be caused by various sources: hot surfaces flames and hot gases mechanically generated sparks electrical installations equalizing currents, cathodic corrosion protection static electricity lightning electromagnetic waves (high-frequency) optical radiation ionising radiation ultrasonics adiabatic compression and shock waves exothermal reactions

Non-electrical equipment Different types of protections (safety concepts) offered by EN/IEC standards Gases/Vapours Dusts Type of protection Symbol Electrical equipment Non-electrical equipment Flameproof enclosure d ● - Protection by enclosure tD Enclosed break device nC Non-incendive component Pressurized apparatus p Powder filling q Oil immersion o/k Increased safety e Non-sparking nA Constructive safety c Encapsulation m Hermetically sealed device Sealed/encapsulated device Intrinsic safety i Restricted breathing enclosure nR/fr Protection by control of ignition sources b

Flameproof enclosure “d”, to mitigate an explosion hazard Special preparation: Max tolerances at all gaps Without gaskets and grease Ignition device pressure transducer Explosive gas mixture

Ignition hazards of a complex apparatus: a fork lift (electrical motor or combustion engine) Electrical apparatus Motor „d“, „e“ control device „d“, „e“, „i“ accumulator „e“ plug and socket „d“ lighting fixture and control lights „d“, „e“ 1 Sparks caused by metallic parts 5 Coating with brass, bronze and stainless steel 4 Temperature control 6 Motor control device motor hydraulic oil/system 3 4 Electrical installation 2 IEC/EN 60079-14 3 7 1 3 Engine 7 6 Mechanical apparatus 3 Brakes and oil hydraulic system/components 2 1 5 5 4 4 Electrostatic charge Conductable wheels conductable seat material conductable housing grounding against electrostatic charge 4

The ATEX Regime Free Trade Directive 94/9/EC in the Internal EU Market (Essential Health and Safety Requirements – ESRs, obligations of the manufacturer) Worker protection (Social) Directive 1999/92/EC (obligations of the end user) ATEX Standing Committee ATEX Notified Bodies ATEX Consultant, CENELEC, CEN, Presumption of Conformity with ESRs

What‘s about this „mark“???? Chinese Export, Confusion Everywhere ;-)))) 1. Conformité Européenne (FR) 2. Legal mark, NOT a quality mark like TSE, VDE, UL… IECEx 3. Affixed by a manufacturer on his own responsibilty 4. may be based on an EC Type Examination Certificate by an independent ATEX Notified body, in the ATEX field only for Zone 0 and Zone 1 classified areas 5. installation and instruction manual!!!!!

Important directives of the New Approach (Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC) Machinery Directive 98/37/EC ATEX (Explosion-proof equipment) 94/9/EC EMC Directive 89/336/EEC Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC R&TTE-Directive 1999/5/EC Toys Directive 88/378/EEC Personal Protective Equipment Directive 89/686/EEC Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC (CE-Kennzeichnungs-Richtlinie 93/68/EEC) 11.10.2001

Relation of ATEX, CEN/CENELEC, ISO and IEC/IECEx ATEX Notified Bodies - Nando New Practice of many ATEX Notified Bodies (IECEx ExCB) is to use the elements of IECEx (ExTRs, QAR) to issue a EC Type Examination Ccertificate and the QA Notification

IEC vs. CEN/CENELEC Dresden/Vienna Agreement on Parallel Voting of documents, stand still agreement CLC/IEC EN 60079-0 (former edition EN 50014 - EEx) is equivalent to IEC 60079-0 (Ex), EN/IEC 60079-1 „d“, -2 „p“, -5 „q“, -6 „o“, -7 „e“, -11 „i“, ….. , -18 „m“, -26 „Zone 0“ …., -34 „QM Production“, -36, -37 (mech.) Plant operation: EN/IEC 60079-10-1/-2, EN/IEC 60079-14, -17, -19

Safety concepts for equipment – older versions of the standards

Selection and installation of equipment in accordance to EN/IEC 60079-14 Zone Equipment category (Directive 94/9/EG) Safety level 0 /20 II 1 G/D Even in the event of infrequent malfunctions 1/21 II 1 G/D oder II 2 G/D In the event of expected malfunctions 2/22 II 1 G/D oder II 2 G/D oder II 3 G/D Normal operation Kriterien für die Auswahl von Geräten und Schutzsystemen Sofern im Explosionsschutzdokument unter Zugrundelegung der Ergebnisse derGefährdungsbeurteilung nichts anderes vorgesehen ist, sind in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen Geräte und Schutzsysteme entsprechend den Kategorien gemäß der Richtlinie 94/9/EG auszuwählen. Insbesondere sind in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen folgende Kategorienvon Geräten zu verwenden, sofern sie für brennbare Gase, Dämpfe, Nebel oder Stäube geeignet sind. Kategorie 1 umfasst Geräte, die konstruktiv so gestaltet sind, dass sie in Übereinstimmung mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Kenngrößen betrieben werden können und ein sehr hohes Maß an Sicherheit gewährleisten. Geräte dieser Kategorie sind zur Verwendung in Bereichen bestimmt, in denen eine explosionsfähige Atmosphäre, die aus einem Gemisch von Luft und Gasen, Dämpfen oder Nebeln oder aus Staub/Luft-Gemischen besteht, ständig oder langzeitig oder häufig vorhanden ist. Geräte dieser Kategorie müssen selbst bei selten auftretenden Gerätestörungen das erforderliche Maß an Sicherheit gewährleisten und weisen daher Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen auf, so dass · beim Versagen einer apparativen Schutzmaßnahme mindestens eine zweite unabhängige apparative Schutzmaßnahme die erforderliche Sicherheit gewährleistet bzw. · beim Auftreten von zwei unabhängigen Fehlern die erforderliche Sicherheit gewährleistet wird. Kategorie 2 umfasst Geräte, die konstruktiv so gestaltet sind, dass sie in Übereinstimmung mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Kenngrößen betrieben werden können und ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit gewährleisten. Geräte dieser Kategorie sind zur Verwendung in Bereichen bestimmt, in denen damit zu rechnen ist, dass eine explosionsfähige Atmosphäre aus Gasen, Dämpfen, Nebeln oder Staub/Luft-Gemischen gelegentlich auftritt. Die apparativen Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen dieser Kategorie gewährleisten selbst bei häufigen Gerätestörungen oder Fehlerzuständen, die üblicherweise zu erwarten sind, das erforderliche Maß an Sicherheit. Kategorie 3 umfasst Geräte, die konstruktiv so gestaltet sind, dass sie in Übereinstimmung mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Kenngrößen betrieben werden können und ein Normalmaß an Sicherheit gewährleisten. Geräte dieser Kategorie sind zur Verwendung in Bereichen bestimmt, in denen nicht damit zu rechnen ist, dass eine explosionsfähige Atmosphäre durch Gase, Dämpfe, Nebel oder aufgewirbelten Staub auftritt, aber wenn sie dennoch auftritt, dann aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach nur selten und während eines kurzen Zeitraums. Geräte dieser Kategorie gewährleisten beim Normalbetrieb das erforderliche Maß an Sicherheit.

Maximum surface temperature Classification of equipment in accordance to EN/IEC 60079-0  Temperatur Class: Maximum surface temperature  Explosion Group Temperaturklasse: Betriebsmittel werden nach ihrer maximalen Oberflächentemperatur in Temperaturklassen eingeteilt. In Analogie dazu wird eine Einteilung der Gase nach ihren Zündtemperaturen vorgenommen. Zündtemperatur: Die unter vorgegebenen Versuchsbedingungen ermittelte, niedrigste Temperatur einer heißen Oberfläche, bei sich der die Entzündung eines brennbaren Stoffes als Gas/Luft-, Dampf/Luft- oder Staub/Luft-Gemisch eintritt. [EN 1127-1] Explosionsgruppe: Gase und Dämpfe werden in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Grenzspaltweite (in einer genormten Apparatur wird die Durchschlagsfähigkeit einer Explosionsflamme durch einen definierten Spalt ermittelt) und ihrem Mindestzündstrom (Strom der in einer genormten Apparatur zur Zündung führt) in drei Gruppen unterteilt (II A, II B, II C wobei II C die Gruppe mit den kleinsten Grenzspaltweite ist). II A Methan, Benzine, Methanol II B Schwefelwasserstoff II C Wasserstoff, Acetylen

Hazardous substance and safety characteristics (EN/IEC 60079-20) Explosion characteristics Methane Biogas 70 % CH4 30 % CO2 Petrol Propan Explosion limits /air [Vol.- %] 4,4 - 17 4,4 - 14 0,6 - 8 1,7- 10,9 Ingition Temperature [0C] 595 220 - 260 450 Relative density (air = 1) 0,55 0,85 ca. 3,2 (gas) 1,55 Flashpoint [0C] < - 20 - 104 Temperaturclass T 1 T 3 Explosion group II A Max. Ex.- pressure [bar] 8,1 8,5 9,4

Examples of 94/9-equipment with EC Declaration of Conformity Beispiele von Geräten im Sinne der Richtlinie 94/9/EG To be installed in accordance with IEC 60079-14

Classification of equipment

Minimum duties of the manufacturer Electrical equipment Mechanical equipment Category 1/M1: - EC Type Examination Cert. - QA Notification/Annex IV Category 2/M2: - EC Type Examination Cert. - QA Notification/Annex VII Category 3: - self declaration of conformity, ATEX Notified Body not required Category 1/M1: - EC Type Examination Cert. - QA Notification/Annex IV Category 2/M2: - self declaration of conformity - Deposit of product documentation at an ATEX Notified Body Category 3: - self declaration of conformity, ATEX Notified Body not required

Way to the CE marking CE – conformity marking# and EC Declaration of Conformity 01.01.2010 CE – conformity marking# and EC – declaration of conformity by the manufacturer (Annex X) #: not for components according Article 8, 3 all categories equipment, protective systems category 1, M1 equipment, protective systems category 2, M2 electrical equipment, combustion engines category 2, M2 non-electrical equipment category 3 equipment Unit verification (Annex IX) Production quality assurance (Annex IV) or Product verification (Annex V) Product quality assurance (Annex VII) or Conformity to type (Annex VI) Internal control of production (Annex VIII) Internal control of production (Annex VIII) Deposit of documentation (Article 8, 1b ii) EC type-examination certificate (Annex III) EC type-examination certificate (Annex III) Notified Body Manufacturer Category according article 8

Probability and energy of ignition source Risk assessment acc. ATEX Directive 1999/92 The employer has to conduct an ignition risk assessment: Probability and duration of a significant amount of explosive gas or dust atmosphere (Zone classification in acc. to EN/IEC 60079-10-1, -2) Probability and energy of ignition source scale of damages which might occur

EU-Directive 1999/92/EG and IEC 60079-10-1 Zone 0 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is present continuously or for long periods or frequently. Zone 1 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air or flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. Zone 2 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only. The employer has to classify the areas in which explosive atmospheres may be present into zones, and to ensure that the minimum organisational and technical requirements of the Directive are observed.

Directive 1999/92/EG and IEC 60079-10-2 Zone 20 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustable dust in air is present continously, or for long periods or frequently. Zone 21 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in air is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. Zone 22 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in air is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only. The employer has to classify the areas in which explosive atmospheres may be present into zones, and to ensure that the minimum organisational and technical requirements of the Directive are observed.

Examples for zoning hazardous areas – example of IEC 60079-10 Helpful Stirrer

Examples of 94/9-equipment with EC Declaration of Conformity Beispiele von Geräten im Sinne der Richtlinie 94/9/EG CE – EU Dir. 94/9 marked equipment is required by the user‘s directive 1999/92

Directive 1999/92/EG (1) Documentation Explosion protection document: description of the plant, the process, the activities and flammable material quantities material data results of the explosion risk assessment Explosion protection measures Organizational measures (training staff, …) Beschreibung der Arbeitsstätte und der Arbeitsbereiche Im Explosionsschutzdokument werden die Arbeitsbereiche beschrieben, in denen eine Gefährdung durch explosionsfähige Atmosphäre vorhanden ist. Die Beschreibung kann z. B. enthalten: Name des Betriebes, Art der Anlage, Gebäude/Raumbezeichnung und Betriebsverantwortliche, Anzahl der Beschäftigten. Die baulichen und geografischen Gegebenheiten können bildlich dokumentiert werden, z. B. durch Lage- und Aufstellungspläne. Beschreibung der Verfahrensschritte und/oder Tätigkeiten In dieser Beschreibung sollten alle für den Explosionsschutz wichtigen Angaben enthalten sein. Dies umfasst eine Beschreibung der Arbeitsschritte inkl. An- und Abfahren, eine Übersicht über Auslegungs- und Betriebsdaten ggf. Art und Umfang von Reinigungsarbeiten und evtl. Angaben zur Raumlüftung. Beschreibung der eingesetzten Stoffe/ Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen Insbesondere sollte beschrieben werden, durch welche Stoffe die explosionsfähige Atmosphäre gebildet wird, und unter welchen verfahrenstechnischen Bedingungen diese entsteht. Eine Auflistung der explosionsschutzrelevanten sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen ist an dieser Stelle sinnvoll. Darstellung der Ergebnisse der Gefährdungsbeurteilung Es sollte beschrieben werden, wo gefährliche explosionsfähige Atmosphäre auftreten kann. Es sind nicht nur der Normalbetrieb, sondern auch das Anfahren/Abfahren und Reinigen sowie Betriebsstörungen zu berücksichtigen. Die explosionsgefährdeten Bereiche (Zonen) können sowohl textlich als auch grafisch in Form eines Zonenplans dargestellt werden. Weiterhin werden unter diesem Punkt die Explosionsgefährdungen dargestellt. Dabei ist es nützlich, die Vorgehensweise zu beschreiben, die verwandt wurde, um die Explosionsgefährdungen zu identifizieren. Getroffene Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen Basierend auf der Gefährdungsbeurteilung werden in diesem Kapitel die resultierenden Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen dargestellt. Es sollte das zugrundeliegende Schutzprinzip erwähnt werden, z. B. Vermeiden der Bildung einer explosionsfähigen Atmosphäre, Vermeiden von wirksamen Zündquellen“ etc. Eine Einteilung in technische und organisatorische Schutzmaßnahmen ist dabei sinnvoll. Weitere Hinweise finden sie in Abschnitt E 6 der “Explosionsschutz- Regeln” BGR 104 ( s. www.hvbg.de, hier: Prävention/Vorschriften und Regeln/Datenbank BG-Vorschriften) sowie im „ Nicht verbindlicher Leitfaden für für bewährte Verfahren im Hinblick auf die Durchführung der Richtlinie 1999/92/EG....“ (s. www.bg-exam.de, hier: Leistungen/Explosionsschutz/Atex-Leitlinien) Get assistance by NAMUR.de and NAMUR recommendation xyz

Directive 1999/92/EG (2) Maintenance Ensure expertise of the personell Maintenance IEC 60079-17 and -19 Training and experience must be ensured Prevent occurence of hazardous atmophere install a fire monitor if necessary Making sure before restarting that the explosion protection measures required for normal operation have been reactived clean dust deposits from installed products

The ATEX Standing Committee Representatives coming from Ministries of the EU Member States, Industry Associations, ExNB Group, Standardization Bodies CENELEC and CEN, ATEX Consultant, …. the Stakeholders Interpretation of the Directives 94/9 and 1999/92 Interface to other Directives, e.g. to the Machinery Directive Meeting once a year in Brussels

ATEX Notified Body group The ATEX Notified Bodies More than 60 ATEX Notified Bodies with similar scopes but it is a national notification, not an accreditation in acc. with ISO/IEC standards requirements for notification see annex XI of the 94/9 general experience: no chance outside EU with such a notification, ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO Guide 65 are to be applied by internationally recognized ILAC/IAF accreditation bodies like TÜRKAK