1. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 1 EET 422 EMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING

2. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 2

3. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 3 The Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 73/23/EEC adopted on 19th February 1973 based on article 95 of the EC Treaty purpose free EUROPEAN movement of electrical equipment

4. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 4

5. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 5 EUROPEAN MILESTONES  1973 Low Voltage Directive  Harmonised standards  Notified Bodies  1980 Standardisation a useful tool for legislators  1985 The New Approach  1989 Global Approach and CE  2006 NEW APPROACH LVD

6. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 6 1972European Communities Act 19/Feb/1973 73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive ratified probably the first EN Harmonised Directive but as it did not include CE marking is regarded as an 'Old Approach Directive' 1974Health & Safety at Work Act May/1985New Approach to Technical Harmonisation and Standards agreed to achieve free movement of goods in Europe resulting in New Approach Directives that set out in general terms EHSR. European standards fill in the detail for ‘EHSR’ 1987Consumer Protection Act 1989Low Voltage Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1989 22/July/1993 93/68/EEC CE Marking Directive adopted introduced as set of Harmonised rules re CE marking 1994Electrical Equipment (Safety )Regulations 1994 replaces the 1989 Regulations and implements into UK Law the modified Low Voltage Directive 9/Jan/1995transition period for the 1994 Regulations starts 1/Jan/1997LVD compliance mandatory 12/Dec/2006 2006/95/EC NEW LVD clarifying Machinery Directive interaction

7. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 7 VOLTAGE LIMITS AC 50 V 1000V LOW VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT DC 75 V 1500 V

8. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 8 SAFETY HAZARDS HAZARDSOURCESOLUTION Electric Shock  exposed parts  accessible parts  insulation failure  insulation  physical barrier Energy Hazards  batteries  large capacitors  levels >240VA  insulation  barriers Fire  hot components  flammable materials  over current protection  temperature limitation  choice of materials Radiation  design for safety Mechanical Hazards Chemical

9. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 9 Market Surveillance in Europe metal lampholder lack of insulation shock risk Technical Investigations visual inspection request DOC testing by Test House

10. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 10 LVD SCOPE  conformity assessment procedure for equipment prior to being placed on the market  Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) directly or by means of Harmonised Standards  relationship to other Directives

11. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 11 ROUTES to COMPLIANCE MANUFACTURERS apply Harmonised Standards apply their own technical specifications HARMONISED STANDARDS ARE NOT MANDATORY

12. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 12 ROUTES to COMPLIANCE MANUFACTURERS or REPRESENTATIVE must provide technical documentation (defined in the Directive) to assess compliance a Declaration of Conformity a declaration that the product satisfies the requirements of all relevant Directives reference to relevant Directives and Harmonised Standards reference to the NOTIFIED BODY if applicable

13. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 13 DECLARATION of CONFORMITY EC declaration of conformity all relevant information  reference to relevant directives  manufacturer or authorised representative identification  product identification description design manufacture  procedures to ensure conformity Notified Body (if applicable) reference to harmonised standards or normative documents  date of issue of the declaration

14. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 14 DOCUMENTATION general description of the electrical equipment design and manufacture drawings diagrams: components subassemblies circuits drawings and diagrams plus the operation of the electrical equipment descriptions and explanations list of the standards used description of the solutions employed when standards have not been applied design calculation results checks carried out manufacturer or a third party test reports

15. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 15

16. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 16 LVD MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Total Safety Approach universal scope except basic components no 3rd party involvement based on International Standards EN IEC NATIONAL lower/upper voltage limits declaration of conformity does not accompany the product

17. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 17

18. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 18

19. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 19 European Liability Directive 1999/34/EC Enforced by the member states Certification Bodies NO Liability Additional National Regulations Regulations and jurisdiction in all other countries MANUFACTURERS AWAYS LIABLE