INSIDE THE CELL SAP1e. Describe how structure and function are related in cells and tissue types.

Cell Diversity and Size

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION ORGANELLES: CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

EUKARYOTES ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS OTHER ORGANELLES

PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS LACK OTHER ORGANELLES EXAMPLE= BLUE-GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria.

INSIDE THE CELL CYTOPLASM: B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED CYTOSOL: GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS: LARGE NEAR CENTER OF CELL CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome) CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT) NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

MITOCHONDRIA THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY CAR (MITOCHONDRIA) GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN) GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE) CAR RUNS (ENERGY) MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES OUTER & INNER CRISTAE: THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

RIBOSOMES MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL NO MEMBRANE 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies transported and used elsewhere in the organism WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER: PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL                                                       Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA.

Proteins being made by DNA                                                                                                                                      Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY” MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER 2 TYPES OF ER: SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes) ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

ROUGH ER: IN CELLS THAT MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE SMOOTH ER: INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS

ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER

GOLGI APPARATUS PROCESSING PACKAGING SECRETING ORGANELLE SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES” SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

LYSOSOME SMALL SPHERICAL ORGANELLE ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS., LIPIDS, DNA, RNA SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED RARE IN PLANT CELLS

NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS ER a. THE 2 TYPES RIBOSOME MITOCHONDRIA LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS ER a. THE 2 TYPES RIBOSOME MITOCHONDRIA a. CRISTAE LYSOSOME GOLGI APPARATUS

CYTOSKELETON NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL NO MEMBRANE AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES MICROFILAMENTS: THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN. SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION MICROTUBLES: LARGEST STRANDS HOLLOW TUBES WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL SPINDLE FIBERS: THICK BUNDLES ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

HOW CELLS MOVE CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA

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