1. Section 3.2 Cell Organelles

2. The Framework of the Cell
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Each eukaryotic cell has a cytoskeleton, which is a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell
There are three kinds of fibers (next slide)

3. Three types of cytoskeleton fibers
Microfilaments—long, thin fibers that are made of actin (a protein) that are attached to the cell membrane and play an important role in muscle contraction and relaxation
Microtubules—thick, hollow fibers that are made of tubulin (a protein) that give the cell its shape and act as “tracks” for the movement of organelles
Intermediate fibers—moderately thick and mainly gives a cell its strength (actin and tubulin)
Watch protein building video

4. Cytoskeleton

5. Cytoplasm It is an important contributor to cell structure
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
It is an important contributor to cell structure
Fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane
Made up mostly of water called cytosol
Suspends the organelles in a cell

6. Directing Cellular Activity
Almost all cellular activity depends on the proteins that the cell makes.
DNA instructions are copied as RNA messages, which leave the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes use the RNA messages to assemble proteins.

7. Nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
The nucleus is the storehouse for most of the genetic information or DNA
Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes
Materials are able to leave and enter the nucleus through nuclear pores

8. Nucleus

9. Ribosomes Made of RNA and many proteins
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Made of RNA and many proteins
Some are free-floating while others are attached to other organelle membranes for protein transport out of the cell
Ribosomes make proteins using the instructions from the nucleus

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of internal membranes that produce proteins and lipids
The membrane of the ER is interconnected to the outer membrane of nuclear envelope
There are two types of ER (next slide)

11. Two Types of ER
Rough ER—ribosomes are attached (giving it a bumpy appearance); membrane makes vesicles around proteins to send them elsewhere
Smooth ER—has no attached ribosomes; makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances like drugs and alcohol

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum

13. Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
The golgi apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages cell products for distribution

14. Golgi Apparatus

15. Protein Processing
The endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus are organelles that prepare proteins from extracellular export.
A vesicle is a small, often spherical-shaped sac that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport materials from place to place within the cell
The cell packages the proteins made by the ribosomes in vesicles to be sent out of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast

16. Vacuoles
Many plant cells contain a single large, membrane-bound compartment called the central vacuole which stores water, ions, nutrients, and waste
When the central vacuole is full, it allows the plant to stand upright, when the vacuole loses water, the plant wilts
A contractile vacuole pumps water out of a cell and is found in some protist cells
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Make sure to reiterate that there can be more than one of each organelle

17. Plant’s Central Vacuole

18. Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
A lysosome is a vesicle that contains specific enzymes that break down large molecules
Can digest food particles, old damaged or unused organelles, and recycle materials in the cell
Also defend cells from invading bacteria and viruses
Lysosomes are made by the Golgi apparatus

19. Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Centrioles which are cylindrical in shape and function in the reproduction of the cell

20. Energy Production
The energy for cellular functions is produced by chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and chloroplasts
Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria however, chloroplasts are found only in plants and some plant-like protists
ATP is the form of energy that fuels almost all cell processes

21. Mitochondrion
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
A mitochondrion (mitochondria-plural) is an organelle that uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP (energy)
Double-membraned and has many folds to increase surface area
Unlike most organelles, mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA

22. Mitochondrion

23. Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is an organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water; carries out photosynthesis
Found only in plant cells and some plant-like protists

24. Chloroplast

25. Check for Understanding
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Which organelle is found attached to the nucleus?
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down large particles?
Describe the process and organelles involved in protein processing.

26. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

27. Diversity in Prokaryotes
Many prokaryotes have flagella which is a long, threadlike structure that rotates to quickly move a cell
Many prokaryotes have pili which are short, thick outgrowths that allow prokaryotes to attack to surfaces or to other cells

28. Prokaryotic Cell

29. Diversity in Eukaryotic Cells
Some types of eukaryotic cells include fungi, plant, animal, and protist cells
Plant cells have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall outside of the cell membrane made of cellulose
Animal cells have centrioles

30. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

31. Body Types
A multicellular organism is composed of many individual, permanently associated cells that coordinate their activities
Only occurs in eukaryotic cells
Some unicellular organisms can thrive independently but others live in groups
A colonial organism has a collection of identical cells that are permanently associated with but do not work together

32. Levels of Organization
Plants and animals have many highly specialized cells that are arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems
A tissue is a distinct group of cells that have similar structures and functions
Different tissues may be arranged into an organ, which is a specialized structure that has a specific function
Various organs that carry out a major body function make up an organ system

33. Levels of Organization Example
What would come before cell in this image?