Packet 13: Diversity of Kingdoms Notes: Plant Kingdom Pg. 5-6

Plant Kingdom Plants are believed to have evolved from algae which is a photosynthetic, plant-like protist.

Plant Kingdom Plants are multicellular, eukaryotes (which means their cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) that have cell walls made of cellulose.

Plant Kingdom Plants are autotrophic which means they can make their own food (glucose). Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast (organelle) of plant cells (in leaves) and contains a light absorbing pigment called chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis:

Plants have true: Roots: anchor plant in the ground, absorbs water from soil, store excess food (sugars) Stems: supports plant, contains transport system (vascular tissue) Leaves: location of photosynthesis

Vascular Tissue Xylem: transports water up from roots to leaves Phloem: transports sugars down from leaves to roots

Gas Exchange: Stoma: small opening on underside of leaf Guard Cells: control the opening/closing of the stoma O2 CO2

Plant Reproduction Plants reproduce sexually.

Plant Reproduction There are two main categories of seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Plant Reproduction Seeds: plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering. Advantages of seeds: protects plant embryo, allows for further dispersal, able to survive non-ideal conditions.

Seed Dispersal

Gymnosperms Seeds are found on the surface of cones. Gymno= naked, sperm=seed Relies on the wind for pollination

Angiosperms Angiosperm means “enclosed seed”. Seeds are enclosed within a fruit or flower. Pistil: female reproductive structure. Stamen: male reproductive structure.

Pollination Pollen (made in the anther)  dispersed by pollinators (birds, bees, insects)  pollinates other flowers to make new flowers

Pollination The fertilized ovule (egg) becomes the seed and the ripened ovary becomes the fruit.

Plant Response Phototropism: plant growth in response to light. Positive: towards. Plants grow towards light. Negative: away

Plant Response Gravitropism- plant growth in response to gravity. Negative: away Positive: towards Example: roots growing into soil.

Review Question Complete the Ch. 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 23.1, 23.2 and 23.4 Review Questions (pg. 11-13) You may use the textbook to help you.