Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images

Anything that has _______ and _________. What is Matter? Anything that has _______ and _________.

Anything that has mass and volume. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and volume.

What is the smallest unit of matter? Hint: not a Chihuahua!

What is the smallest unit of matter? An Atom!

Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company! What is an ? Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!

An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table. Other Examples: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sodium Phosphorous

What are atoms made up of? Hint: 3 Things

What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up the MASS of the atom? What are their charges? What are the smallest particles in the space outside of the nucleus that do not add to its mass? What is its charge?

Protons (+) and Neutrons (0) What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up the MASS of the atom? What are their charges? Protons (+) and Neutrons (0) What are the smallest particles in the space outside of the nucleus and do not add to its mass? What is its charge? Electrons (-)

This is the element Boron and how it appears on the periodic table. What is this number called? What does this number represent? What is this number called? What does this number represent?

Represents the # of Protons (+) Also indicates # of electrons (-) Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons

What is an ION?

AN ION is when an atom has gained or lost electrons Chloride gains an electron Becomes (-) Sodium loses an electron Becomes (+) Na + CL → Na⁺CL⁻

OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an ionic bond?

“I”onic Bond: When electrons are lost or gained (NO SHARING) between atoms. Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take but do not share! NaCl

Co-captains share their position What is a covalent bond? Atom Hint: Co-captains share their position Atom

Covalent bond: When two atoms are sharing an electron pair in a compound.

What are…..

Isotopes are different numbers of NEUTRONS! Isotopes of Carbon

Define: Molecule Compound

2 or more elements chemically combined Molecule Compound Same Definition: 2 or more elements chemically combined

Chemical and Physical

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be physical?

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be chemical?

What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number) What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of ___?___ in a solution.

Know which numbers are acidic and basic What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Know which numbers are acidic and basic Strong Acid Weak Acid pH= 1,2,3 pH=4,5,6 Neutral pH = 7 Weak Base Strong Base pH= 8,9,10 pH=11, 12, 13, 14

What is a buffer? Don’t have a clue? We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with that.

Buffer A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to make small pH changes and maintain pH balance HOMEOSTASIS

Define & Give and Example: Solute Solvent Solution

Solvent : What does the dissolving Ex: WATER (Best Solvent) Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

Suspension Examples: Sand + Water Oil + Vinegar

What is COHESION?

COHESION? Same molecules sticking together Water + Water

What is Adhesion?

2 different molecules that stick together What is ADHESION? 2 different molecules that stick together Ex: Water and glass

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

What is polarity? H (+) H (+) O (-) See a resemblance?

Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons (H₂O) causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other H (+) H (+) See a resemblance? O (-)

MACROMOLECULES

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process of joining monomers to make polymers ??????????? process of joining monomers to make polymers

process of joining monomers to make polymers Polymerization process of joining monomers to make polymers

What is this process called that removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers?

What is this process called that removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers? DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

What are the 4 types of macromolecules? What is the function of each? They are all organic compounds because they contain what?

They all contain CARBON (organic molecules) Carbohydrates – Quick Energy & Structure Lipids – Long-term Energy Storage, membranes, chemical messengers Proteins – movement, pigments, skin, hair, enzymes, immune system, carrying oxygen Nucleic Acids – Heredity, DNA, RNA, ATP They all contain CARBON (organic molecules)

basic building blocks (monomer) of carbohydrates (sugars)? What are the basic building blocks (monomer) of carbohydrates (sugars)?

Monosaccharides (sugars)linked together make Polysaccharides

What elements make up all carbohydrates?

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store? Glycogen (Sugar) Starch

What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store? Glycogen (Sugar) Starch (Sugar)

What is cellulose? Hint: We can’t digest it. What is chitin? Hint: On outside of insect

What is cellulose? What is chitin? Carbohydrate of plant cell walls known to us as fiber. MOST ABUNDANT MACROMOLECULE!!! Carbohydrate of insect exoskeletons

What is the building block (monomer) of lipids?

Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids A Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chain(s) is a lipid. Waxes, Oils, Fats Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids

basic building block (monomer) What is the basic building block (monomer) of proteins?

AMINO ACIDS

Know the 3 PARTS of an AMINO ACID

Amino Group Acid Group R Group 3 PARTS of an AMINO ACID

What are the 4 elements that are found in proteins?

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies? PROTEINS

Nucleic Acids What are the monomers of nucleic acids and name the 3 parts?

NUCLEOTIDES Phosphate group Nitrogen Base 5 Carbon Sugar

What are 3 types of nucleic acids? What are 5 the elements in a nucleic acid?

What are 3 types of nucleic acids? DNA (genetic information) RNA ATP What are 5 the elements? C, H, O, N, P

What are Enzymes? ?

What are Enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help __________________________. Name the 3 parts

Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions. Must know the 3 parts Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Lock & Key

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job? Temperature & pH

What part of is the area of catalytic activity?

What part is the area of catalytic activity?

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Reactants A + B → C Products

What is Activation Energy? What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions?

Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started) Energy Absorbed Energy Released

__________, ___________, and ___________ Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… __________, ___________, and ___________

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… Heat, Light, and or Sound

What is the difference between reaction A & B? You need to find the answer in your notes.

An enzyme was added to reaction B to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A B

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