Nationalism

France

The Second French Republic Louis-Napoleon elected President Name Recognition Fear of socialism Publicized agenda for France Promise to represent all of France

Coup d'état Illegally dismisses National Assembly 12/1851 Refuse to extend term Crushes opposition First plebiscite approves new 10 year term Second plebiscite approves title of Emporer Louis-Napoleon  Napoleon III

Economic Success Building Projects Allows labor unions and strikes Create jobs for poor and wealth for middle class Lessens social pressures Allows labor unions and strikes Creates better worker housing

Liberalization Public opinion of Napoleon III begins to wane Grants power to National Assembly His chosen candidates lose elections Grants new constitution

Italy

Background Divided city-States/kingdoms Nationalists seek to unify Italy, oppose Hapsburg influence

Sardinia Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel III Limited by constitution of 1848 Civil liberties, moderate Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour Cavour gets Austria to attack in 1859 Napoleon III allies with Sardinia Popular uprisings in central Italy join with Sardinia

Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Giuseppe Garibaldi’s private army unites South and invades Sicily 1860 Expands north to take Rome Vatican City, left under control of Pope Italy unified under Victor Emmanuel in 1870

Germany

Background Prussian led unification movement fails in 1848 Prussia and Austria compete for power in German Confederation Zollervein trade group shuts out Austrian industry Builds nationalist middle class

William I of Prussia battles with middle class over military spending Chooses Otto Von Bismarck as Prime Minister Political genius from the junker class “Realpolitik” “Blood and Iron” Rebuilds army

Prussian-Danish War 1864 Fight over control of Schleswig-Holstein Austria and Prussia win, split the duchies

Austro-Prussian War 1866 7 Weeks War 7 weeks, Prussia wins Austria forced out of German affairs Confederation is ended Northern Protestant states join with Prussia Southern Catholic states stay independent

Unification in N. Germany Bismarck gets Middle Class support with nationalism New Constitution Power to Prussia and Army Local governments kept Universal male suffrage

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Bismarck engineers war with France over insult to Prussian King French declare war on Prussia, Prussian army invades France Southern states join Prussia Quick victories, Napoleon III taken prisoner, released to exile in Britain Paris holds out under siege but eventually surrenders

German Empire Declared 1871 Prussian King William I proclaimed Kaiser William I of Germany in Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Germany takes wealthy French lands of Alsace and Lorraine