1. The Development of 19th Century Nationalism

2. What is Nationalism Extreme pride and devotion to your country.
Dedication to an identification of the nation-state.
What drives the development of nationalism?
Revolutions of 1848
Industrialization
Realism
Financial prosperity

3. Louis Napoleon, A.K.A. Napoleon III

4. France Under Louis Napoleon
Merged pop. and conservative ideals with
authoritarian nationalism.
By 1848, all men were allowed to vote and voted for L.N.
Why?
Related to uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte
Tough ruler- shut down Marxism
Positive approach to politics- end poverty, etc.
Believed govt. should represent the people- direct democracy

5. Louis Napoleon, cont. Elected Pres. in 1848 to 4 yr. term.
Wanted 2nd term, but National Assembly said no.
Seized power with a coup d ‘etat
Had a plebiscite legalize his actions, voted to a 10 yr. term
Sound familiar?
Later names hereditary emperor, Napoleon III

6. Napoleon’s 2nd Empire Positive changes for France: Political Power:
Strengthened economy
Improved public works projects
Redesigned Paris under Haussmann
Gave workers rights and housing to poor
Political Power:
Manipulated the National Assembly to meet his agenda

7. Napoleon III’s Political Mistake
Attempted to extend the borders of France for personal gain
Unpopular idea
Believed that popular support was essential, gave more power back to the N.A to appease them.
Supported yet another new constitution- limited his rights
France became more democratic as a result

8. Italy Prior to 1850, Italy consisted of disunified city-states
Unification was an interesting idea to many
Guiseppe Mazzini: wanted democracy based on the will of the people.
Vincenzo Gioberti: Pope for president; federation of city-states
Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel’s form of constitutional liberalism was also a thought.

10. Cavour
Garibaldi

11. Cavour
Brilliant statesman from Sardinia who wanted to unify N. and Central Italy
Wanted Austria to give up some N. Italian territory (Lombardy and Venetia).
Asked France for support should war occur
Austria attacked Sardinia and France bailed
Sardinia won Lombardy and pro-nationalism quickly grew by 1860
A unified northern Italian state soon emerged.

12. Garibaldi Popular, radical patriot who wanted a totally unified Italy
Attacked S. Italy (Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies) with his guerilla red-shirt fighters
Was told by Cavour not to invade the Papal lands- didn’t want to start conflict with Catholic France
S. Italy was dominated and soon Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples (Central Italy) together with cheering people’s support
Symbolic: Unification of N & S Italy had occurred
By 1870, Italy was ruled by Parliamentary monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel
Unification in name only- no true democratic changes

14. Unification of Italy Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel

15. germany In 1815, 39 German states formed the German Confederation.
Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia were part of confederation
Prussia led the way for the eventual German unification
Mainly a German population (nationalism)
Austria-Hungary had ethnic uprisings often
Prussian army was the best in Europe
Berlin (Prussia) mobs forced a liberal constitution

17. Otto Von bismarck
1861, King Wilhelm I wanted money for army improvements- liberal Parliament said no.
Wilhelm sought the support of the conservative Junkers (wealthy nobles).
Wilhelm chose Bismarck, a Junker, as his Prime Minister.
Bismarck is known for his brilliant use of “realpolitik” (“the politics of reality”)
Politics without idealism
Declared the he would rule Prussia without the consent of Parliament.

18. King Wilhelm I
Bismarck

19. Bismarck Quote
“It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the greatest issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron.”

20. MY Otto von Bismarck

21. Empire Building
By 1864, Bismarck made his first attempt and crafting an empire.
Allied with Austria against Denmark to gain 2 border provinces- Schleswig (Prussian controlled) and Holstein (Austrian controlled)
Victory increased national pride

22. Seven Weeks’ War
Bismarck stirred up trouble with the Austrians over the Holstein.
Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866
Prussia won the brief war and made fools of Austria.
Austria lost Venetia (given back to Italy) and Prussia was able to annex more German land.
Prussia had successfully unified Northern Germany by (Called N. German Confederation)

23. Franco-Prussian war
Bismarck was a master at creating “incidents” in order to manipulate people into submission.
He wanted to unify S. Germany to N. Germany, but Catholic S. Germany was terrified of Bismarck and the Protestants in the N. (Kulturkampf)
Bismarck accused the French of disrespect of the Prussian King (lie) and the French declared war on Prussia (July 19, 1870)

24. Franco-prussian war cont.
The Prussian army invaded N. France
French were outmaneuvered at Sedan
83,000 French prisoners were taken including Napoleon III
French finally surrendered by late 1870
Franco-Prussian War was the last stage of German unification
S. Germany was swept up by nationalism and accepted Prussian leadership
King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at Versailles on January 18, 1871
The Germans called their empire the 2nd Reich (H.R.E. being the 1st)

25. Power shift
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich had worked hard to create a balance of power within Europe.
By 1871, Germany and Britain would be the most powerful countries in Europe.