Science and Urban Life 16-1

Technology Changes Cities The Brooklyn Bridge: opened in 1883, one of the first suspension bridges Skyscrapers: were possible because of steel and elevators Louis Sullivan: built the 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Daniel Burnham: built the Flatiron Building in NYC Electric Transit: Electric subways and trains

Brooklyn Bridge

Steel Cables Workers would work in underwater caissons to build the bridge

Wainwright Building St. Louis

Flatiron Building, 1900

Flatiron Building Today

City Planning Frederick Law Olmstead: developed public parks to provide a piece of nature in an urban setting Daniel Burnham: created Chicago’s White City for the 1893 Columbian Exposition, the Flatiron Building in Manhattan (1902), and many other sky scrapers Louis Sullivan: Designed the 10 story Wainwright building in St. Louis (a “proud and soaring thing” ~Sullivan)

Central Park, NYC Central Park, NYC

Boston Common

New Technologies Orville and Wilbur Wright: made the first airplane take flight Dec. 17, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC Covered 120 feet Lasted 12 seconds George Eastman: made the first Kodak Camera For the first time regular people could take their own pictures $25 for camera and 100 picture roll of film $10 to send the camera back and have the pictures developed and sent to you

Public Education 16-2

Timeline Pre Civil War: many children did not attend school They learned in the home from their mothers 1865-1895: laws were passed requiring 12-16 weeks of school for students 8-14 years old Schools focused on 3 R’s: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic Used Corporal Punishment Over time the start age became younger and younger Post-1900: more students went to high school to get ready for higher skilled jobs Only 1% were black students in 1900 Only 3% were black in 1910

Americanization in the Schools Immigrants who attended public schools were Americanized Some immigrant groups started religious schools to maintain their cultural heritage

Higher Education for African Americans Booker T. Washington Created the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Believed African Americans should work their way up in society and conform to white America “Up From Slavery” W.E.B. DuBois First African American to earn a PhD from Harvard Believed that African Americans should get liberal arts education and become American leaders immediately “From the Souls of Black Folks”

Segregation and Discrimination 16-3

African Americans Were Left Out of Democracy Poll Tax: a tax on voting that prevented poor people from voting Literacy Test: a test that prevented illiterate people from voting Grandfather Clause: a law that allowed people whose grandfather could vote to vote even if they were poor or illiterate This allowed poor/illiterate white men to vote but not black people because their grandfathers had been slaves Discrimination: Prejudice against an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category

NAACP National Assoc. For the Advancement of Colored People Est. on February 9, 1909 in response to lynching in America Continues to be an organization that promote equality and fairness

African Americans Were Left Out of Society Segregation Laws: separated white and black people in public facilities like schools, parks, stores, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, buses, trains, etc Jim Crow Laws: the nickname of segregation laws (comes from an old minstrel song)

Separate But Equal?

African Americans were Victims of a Racist Supreme Court The courts did not overturn segregation laws Plessy v. Ferguson: The court case that declared segregation legal with the idea of “separate but equal” Homer Plessy: 1/16 black, was told to sit in the black only section of a a train. He sued to stop segregation and lost. This made segregation legal. Homer Plessy

African Americans were abused socially Lynching: illegal murder of a person by a vigilante mob Ida B. Wells: a newspaper editor who wrote about how wrong lynching was even though it made her a target Race Riots: often occurred between black and white workers in northern cities over competition for work Sundown Towns: towns and cities all over the USA that had local laws that black people could not be in the town after sunset Ida B. Wells

Discrimination in the West Similar discrimination happened against Mexicans and Asians in the west Debt Peonage: a system where employers would loan money to people in return for a certain period of servitude. This was deemed unconstitutional in 1911 because it violates the 13th amendment

Lynching in America www.withoutsanctuary.org

Dawn of Mass Culture 16-4

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Coney Island: huge amusement park outside NYC; opened 1903 Amusement parks built on outskirt of city; mass transit brought people

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Bicycling and tennis become popular

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Rise of the Hershey Bar (1900) and Coca Cola (1886)

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Spectator Sports: Baseball and boxing National League Baseball (1876) American League (1900) 1st World Series (1903) Boston Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates African Americans create the Negro National and Negro American Leagues

Boston Pilgrims

First World Series

What it might have looked like after the game!

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Newspapers: Competition between the “NY World” (Joseph Pulitzer) and “NY Morning Journal” (William Randolph Hurst) Led to more depth in news Led to sensationalism

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Rise of Art More Galleries Ashcan School of American Arts Rise of Free Public Libraries and Popular Fiction Mark Twain: popular writer (Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer) Dime Novels: often adventure stories or Westerns Realism: the artistic movement in which art portrayed a more realistic version of life

Urbanization leads to Mass Culture Changes in Shopping Shopping Centers Department Stores (many goods, one store) Chain stores: Woolworth’s Store Advertisements Catalogues and RFD (Rural Free Delivery) Sears Roebuck: shipped directly to one’s home