Station 1 Functions of the Skeleton: Support- helps you stand up! Protection- protects your vital organs. Movement- works with muscles so you can get around. Mineral Storage- stores calcium and phosphate. Produces blood cells. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 2 Types of Bones For each bone pictured, list whether it is long, flat, short, or irregular. A) C) rib B) D) Carpal bone vertebra Femur Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 3- Label head, arm, and leg bones. cranium Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 4 Identify the type of joint and describe the movement Fixed Hinge Pivot Ball and socket partially fixed Hinge Pivot Gliding Fixed Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Hinge Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 5 Number of bones Adult humans have about 206 bones. Part of skeleton Number of bones Cranium 29 bones Vertebral Column 26 bones Rib cage 25 bones (24 ribs + sternum) Shoulders, arms, and hands 64 bones Pelvis, legs, and feet 62 bones The area with the highest number of bones are the hands (27 bones in each hand). The bones in the hands and feet combined make up more than half the bones in your body! Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 6 The skeleton can be divided into two main parts: the appendicular and the axial skeletons. On your answer sheet, color the appendicular portion of the skeleton red and the axial portion blue. Fill in the tables appropriately. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 7 Bone composition and structure 30% living tissue (bone cells) 25% water 40% minerals Periosteum- Tough outer membrane- helps protect and insulate bones. Compact bone- is the hard outer layer made up of bone cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts). Spongy bone- hard inner layer of bone with spaces for important materials such as bone marrow. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 8 More bone structure Haversian canals- tiny canals in the compact bone where nerves and blood vessels are found. What is the protective membrane shown on the outside of the bone called? Bone marrow- soft tissue found the hollow spaces in the center of the bone. -Red bone marrow makes blood cells (red and white). -Yellow bone marrow stores fat (insulation, energy). Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 9 Joints occur wherever two or more bones meet. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that can be found between some joints and act as a shock absorber. Synovial fluid is found between moveable joints to help lubricate them (crrreeeak). Ligaments attach bones to bones at the joints. Tendons attach bones to muscle for movement. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

The “breakfast, lunch and dinner rule”. Station 10 Spine Tingling Numbers! The spine has 26 bones (vertebrae). The “breakfast, lunch and dinner rule”. Breakfast at 7 (7 cervical vertebrae) Lunch at 12 (12 thoracic vertebrae) Dinner at 5 (5 Lumbar vertebrae) Section Location # of vertebrae Cervical Neck 7 Thoracic Chest 12 Lumbar Lower Back 5 The “tail bone” is actually made up of two fused bones: the sacrum and the coccyx. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 10 (continued) Cartilaginous discs are found between vertebrae. The discs act as shock absorbers. As you age, the discs lose fluid and flatten a little, causing you to become shorter! A slipped disc is a disc that has ruptured. The disc bulges slightly outward and hits a nerve (very painful!) Your spinal cord is protected by your vertebral column. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 11 Bone Growth A baby is born with approximately 300 bones (mostly cartilage). Bones gradually harden as a child grows. The calcium phosphate required for bones to harden comes from milk. Bone growth stops at about age 16 -18 for females and 18 – 21 for males. The human growth hormone is responsible for regulating growth. In dwarfism there is not enough of the hormone, in gigantism there is too much! Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 12 Common bone diseases -Osteoporosis -Arthritis Osteoporosis is a disease that makes bones weak and more likely to break (often bones in the hip, spine, and wrist). Persons with osteoporosis have weak, brittle, deteriorated bones. You can prevent osteoporosis by getting plenty of calcium and exercise. Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Rheumatoid Arthritis in the hands Station 12 continued Arthritis affects the joints and nearby tissues. Osteoarthritis (OA)- the cushions on the ends of the bones in the joint get thin or wear off, and the bones can rub against each other. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that strikes joints in the hands and feet. In rheumatoid arthritis, the body attacks its own healthy tissues, damaging the lining of joints and causes pain, swelling, and stiffness. Rheumatoid Arthritis in the hands Bones Exhibition Lab www.biology-roots.com

Station 13 – Shoulder Model Carefully examine the shoulder model to answer the lab questions.

Carefully examine the knee model to answer the lab questions. Station 14 – Knee Model Carefully examine the knee model to answer the lab questions.